Media Seminar

Illegal Migration
GEPRA, EU TIG

Ia Dadunashvili
Independent Consultant November, 2012

Main Trends of Global Labor Market

Many people that have reached the employment age either cannot find any job in their own country, or cannot find a job that would provide them with an adequate income to sustain themselves and their families At the same time other countries lack labor force in different sectors of economy Factors that trigger labor migration include demographic changes and socio-economic and political crises

Illegal Migration

Migrants that have entered a foreign country illegally (smuggled and/or with false documents) face arrest and/or deportation

Georgian Migration Statistics

According to the research conducted by the ILO Migration Project in Georgia, migration saldo for 1990-2008 is

935 000 that have emigrated from Georgia

Main destination countries for Georgian migrants

Turkey Greece UAE Russian Federation EU countries, especially: Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain USA

THB statistics in Georgia

http://atipfund.gov.ge/

State Fund for Protection and Assistance to the Victims of Human Trafficking in Georgia
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

2 1

6 3 2

4 2 2 4 7

5 3 2 2 6

6 3 1 6 12

3 1

2 1

6 6

3
3

9
11

6
8

8
10

9
10

4
4

2
11

5
10 8

2
18 4

Risks associated with illegal migration

In the EU countries (inter alia):
Arrest
Deportation Entry ban from 5 to 10 years

How can migrants protect themselves?

Keep one copy of your travel documents in the safe place and another copy at home with your family or friends that you trust. Remember the name , address and telephone number of your employer Safely keep the addresses and contact information of other migrants travelling with you

Read information (internet; travel guide) about your destination country

Try to learn simple words in the language of your destination country, as well as about their culture and norms

Ways of Legal Migration

Qualified workers/specialists programs Family Reunification Marriage

Immigration Visa Lottery

Emigration based on ethnic origin

Necessary documents for legal migration

Employment Contract Work permit Work Visa

Documents Required for Visa Application

Passport
Invitation Letter Filled out visa application Photo Copy of the return ticket

Hotel reservation
Travel insurance Proof of funds necessary for travel

Risks Association with Illegal Migration

An employer cab abuse the illegal status of the migrant and with the purpose of labor exploitation use
Physical Psychological Verbal

Violence against him or her

Threat
An employer with the purposes of labor exploitation of illegal migrant can Accusation

Blackmailing with disclosing him/her to the police for false documents Blackmailing with arrest and deportation

Coercion
With the purpose of coercion into labor exploitation the employer can abuse the status of vulnerability of the illegal migrant by: Limiting freedom of movement Limiting food

Blackmailing with threats to the family left at home

Violence
Physical and psychological Verbal

Humiliation
Social Isolation

Exploitation
Debt bondage Human trafficking

Slavery
Slavery like conditions

Forced Labor
ILO Forced Labor Convention1930 (No. 29): the work or service that is exacted under the menace of a penalty and is undertaken involuntarily

Human Trafficking
Palermo Protocol, 2000

the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

Infringement of the freedom of movement

Limiting the freedom of movement of a labor migrant is one of the most common forms of coercion

Because of an illegal status the migrant cannot protest against bad working conditions, which makes his situation dependent on the employer

Myths Busted

Returning migrants often either describe their experience abroad in pretty colors, or avoid talking about negative experience altogether

Global Statistics of Forced Labor and Human Trafficking (in millions) ILO Global Report, 2009

Victims of Forced Labor: 12.3

Exploited by private parties: 9.8

Human trafficking with the purpose of labor exploitation: 2.4 Forced labor by state or military structures : 2.5

Volume of illegal income from THB and FL

Global report on profit received from labour trafficking:

31.6 billion USD, out of which:

Industrial Countries - 15.5

Developing countries 3.4

Geographical Distribution
Asia and Pacific 9,490,000

Latin America and Caribbean 1,320,000

Sub-Saharan Africa 660,000 Industrial countries 360,000

Middle East and North Africa 260,000

Developing Countries 210,000

Forms of Trafficking

2% i t r obt , 5 M ue f o x h udt r i e neem d n

4%o m c ls xa 3 Cm e i eul ra ep i ao xl t t n o i

3% r e eoo i 2 F cd cnm o c ep i ao xl t t n o i

By sex:
1 0 2 1 0 0 8 0

6 0 4 0 2 0 0 F rce se a o d xu l e lo tio xp ita n F rce o d e n m co o ic e lo tio xp ita n

W m na dg o e n irls M n a d b ys e n o

Economic sectors where forced labor mostly occurs

Textile, clothing, leather and shoe industry Construction House labor Health sector Hotel, restaurant and tourism business Agriculture

Relevant ILO conventions

Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) The Migration for Employment Convention, 1949 (No. 97)

 Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143) Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 (No. 181) Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129) Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143) Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 (No. 181) Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81) Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129)

Relevant ILO publications

Guide to private employment agencies

Trafficking for FL. How to monitor the recruitment of migrant workers

HT and FL. Guidance for Legislation and Law enforcement

Training modules for labour inspection on THB and FL

Thank you!
ia.dadunashvili@gmail.com