Continuous Cooling Transforming Diagram (Fig.

C1)
900 800 A3789 700

0.15C-0.33Si-1.03Mn-0.010P-0.014S-0.80Ni-0.28Cr-0.25Cu-0.44Mo

A
600 500 400 300 200 100 0

A: austenite F: ferrite P: pearlite Zw:bainite M: martensite

A1696

Temperature

F
2 15 5 18 12 35 40 78

85

P
10

Zw

20

M
88 80 95 60 45 2

400 397

396

385 370

309

290

250

235

6 8 10

20

40 60 100

200 400 600 1000 1000 4000

Cooling time from A3(789) to 500 sec

CCT diagram for 800MPa class high tensile steel (Fig.C2)

0.15C-0.33Si-1.03Mn-0.010P-0.014S-0.80Ni-0.28Cr-0.25Cu-0.44Mo

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Cooling time from A3(789) to 500 sec
Vickers hardness number

A
Percentage of microstructure %

F Zw

Temperature

1 2 4

10 20 40 100

400 1000

Cooling time from A3(789) to 500 sec

Thermal distribution during welding (Fig.C3)

D.Rosenthal : Mathematical Theory of Heat Distribution during welding and cutting, Welding J., 20(1941), 220s

Three dimensional 0 Qv 4k exp( X X2+R2) X2+R2

Q; heat input per unit time (cal/sec) v; welding speed ; thermal conductivity k c

Two dimensional 0 Q eX K0( X2+Y2 ) 4h

c; specific heat
X 2k

; density
R

v x,

Y v y, 2k

v
2k

y2+z2

K0; Bessel function of the second kind of order sezo

Three dimensional

Two dimensional

Experimental equation for estimation of cooling rate at 300 proposed by Cottrell (Fig.C4)
1 CR E + 1000 N T 54 T ( 1 + ( N + 0.5 ) 1000 )

Determination of TSN TSN = 2

CR : cooling rate of HAZ at 300 T = 3000 0 : initial temperature of base metal plate () E : heat input (Joule/in) N : Thermal Severity Number of joint

TSN = 3

TSN = 4 Heat input E

TSN = 5

Heat conduction N

Estimation of cooling time from 800 to 500 or 800 to 300

proposed by Inagaki CT800500 =
or 800300

KJ (m)
2

2 -1 1 tan

hh0

J; heat input (Joule/cm)

0; initial temperaturepreheating temperature Constants
Welding Method for CT800500 n 1.35 0.675 K (butt) (T type) h0 14.6 6 m 2 K (butt) for CR800300 h0 14.6 4.5 m

SMAW CO2, CO2-O2 welding Submerged Arc Welding

1.5

1.6 (T type) 0.4 (butt) 0.222 (T type) 600

1.7

0.345

13

3.5

14

5 400

[h<32] 2.50.05h [h>32] 0.9

9.5 10 50.22h

10
12 3

7.3 50.22h 3.65 50.22h

(butt)

10
950

(T type)

20

730 (butt) 365 (T type)

Nomograms for estimation of cooling time (Fig.C5)

for SMAW
Heat input (kJ/cm)

CT800500(sec)
46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 10 14 8 12 4 3 2 10 8

for room temp. 100 90 80 70

60 50 40 30 25 20 15

for preheating 1000 800 600 500 400 300 200 150 100 80 60 50 40 30 20 15 10 8 6 4 3 2

Preheating Temp. ()

Plate thickness (mm)

4

400

8 350 10

300

250 12 200 150 100 50 10 0 16

14

18
20

22 24 26 30 34

butt

10

T type

Problem
1. Estimate the microstructure of HAZ of 800 MPa class high strength steel, when it is cooled for 40 seconds from A3 to 500 .
2. Estimate the cooling time from 800 to 500 with the following welding conditions. welding conditions welding joint T type joint of a steel plate of 10mm thickness welding process shielded metal arc welding welding current 200 A arc voltage 24 V travel speed 4 mm/s

3. Estimate the microstructure and maximum hardness in HAZ of 800 MPa class high strength steel, when it is welded with the above welding conditions.
4. Determine the preheating temperature to reduce the maximum hardness of HAZ to 300 VHN for the same steel.

Answer 1 (Fig.C6) 1. Estimate the microstructure of HAZ of 800 MPa class high strength steel, when it is cooled for 40 seconds from A3 to 500 . CCT Diagram for 800MPa class high strength steel
900 800 A3789 700 0.15C-0.33Si-1.03Mn-0.010P-0.014S-0.80Ni-0.28Cr-0.25Cu-0.44Mo A: austenite F: ferrite P: pearlite Zw:bainite M: martensite

A
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 12

Temperature

F
2 18 35 15 5 78

85

5P 10

A1696

40

Zw

20

M
88 80 95 60 45 2

400 397

396

385 370

309

290

250

235

Answer 15% ferrite40% bainite45% martensute

6 8 10

20

40 60 100

200 400 600 1000 1000 4000

Cooling time from A3(789) to 500 sec

Answer 2 (Fig.C7) 2. Estimate the cooling time from 800 to 500 with the following welding conditions.

T type joint of a steel plate of 10mm thickness, SMAW, 200 A, 24 V, 4 mm/s

Heat input (kJ/cm)

CT800500(sec)
46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 10 14 8 12 4 3 2 10 8

for room temp. 100 90 80 70

60 50 40 30 25 20 15

for preheating 1000 800 600 500 400 300 200 150 100 80 60 50 40 30 20 15 10 8 6 4 3 2

Preheating Temp. ()

Plate thickness (mm)

4

400

8 350 10

Nomograms for Estimation of cooling time for SMAW

300

250 12 200 150 100 50 10 0 16

Heat input (J/cm) = E(V)I(A) 60 v(cm/min)

14

=12000(J/cm)

18
20

22 24 26 30 34

Answer 6 seconds

butt

10

T type

Answer 3 (Fig.C8) 3. Estimate the microstructure and maximum hardness in HAZ of 800 MPa class high

strength steel, when it is welded with the above welding conditions.

900 800 A3789 700

CCT Diagram for 800MPa class high strength steel

0.15C-0.33Si-1.03Mn-0.010P-0.014S-0.80Ni-0.28Cr-0.25Cu-0.44Mo A: austenite F: ferrite P: pearlite Zw:bainite M: martensite

A
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 12

Temperature

F
2 18 35 15 5 78

85

5P 10

A1696

40

Zw

20

Answer microstructure about 8% bainite92% martensute maximum hardness about 390 VHN

M
88 80 95 60 45 2

400 397

396

385 370

309

290

250

235

6 8 10

20

40 60 100

200 400 600 1000 1000 4000

Cooling time from A3(789) to 500 sec

Answer 4 (Fig.C9) 4. Determine the preheating temperature to reduce the maximum hardness of HAZ to 300 VHN for the same steel.
A: austenite F: ferrite P: pearlite Zw:bainite M: martensite

900 800

CCT Diagram for 800MPa class high strength steel

0.15C-0.33Si-1.03Mn-0.010P-0.014S-0.80Ni-0.28Cr-0.25Cu-0.44Mo A3789

700

A
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 12

Answer 3 maximum hardness about 390 VHN prolong the cooling time by using preheating

Temperature

F
2 18 35 15 5 78

85

P
10

A1696

40

Zw

20

M
88 80 95 60 45 2

reduce the maximum hardness cooling time of 40 seconds

(to be continued)

400 397

396

385 370

309

290

250

235

6 8 10

20

40 60 100

200 400 600 1000 1000 4000

Cooling time from A3(789) to 500 sec

Answer 4 (continued) (Fig.C10) Nomograms for Estimation of cooling time for SMAW
Heat input (kJ/cm)

CT800500(sec)
46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 14 12 22 20 10 8 6 4 for room temp. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 for preheating 1000 800 600 500 400 300 200 150 100 80 60 50 40 30

Preheating Temp. ()

Plate thickness (mm)

4

Heat input (J/cm) = E(V)I(A) 60 v(cm/min)

400

8 350 10

=12000(J/cm)
Answer 3 about 6 seconds without preheating Required cooling time 40 seconds

300

22
20 18 16

250 12 200 150 100 50 10 0 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 34

20
15 10 8 6 4 3 2

14

18 16

10 14 8 12

3
2

butt

10

T type

Answer 4 about 380

Microstructures and cracking phenomena

Microsegregation of solutestress

Weld

Hot cracking Solidification structure Transformation structure Toughness of weld metal Cold cracking Toughness of HAZ or weld bond Cold cracking

Weld metal

Heat affected zone

Transformation structure

Diffusible hydrogenstress

Effect of cooling rate on toughness of low carbon steels (Fig.C11)

High tensile steel (QT) 0.16C-0.4Si-1.2Mn

Mild steel (Peak temp.1350) 0.15C-0.08Si-0.95Mn 20

2

60
100 Percentage of brittle fracture % Surface

Transition temperature

kg-m/cm

40 20 0 -20

Absorbed energy

12 8 4 0

Base metal Cooling rate 23/sec 50/sec

50

Tr15

10

-40
-60 energy 0 10 20 30 40 50 Cooling rate at 540 deg/sec Base metal plate 0

-60 -40 -20 0

20 40 60 80 100

Testing temperature

Absorbed energy kg-m/cm2

16

Trs

20

Q-tempering (Fig.C12)

CeqC

Mn Mo Cr Ni 40 8 25 20 (C<0.18%)

50

m; amount of martensite (%) ; amount of bainite (%)

Measured Tr15

Tr15()400Ceq

4 5

Calculated Tr15

Effect of carbon content on the Ms temperature (Fig.C13)

0.13%C 0.44%C

Temperature

Temperature limit for martensite decomposition

0.76%C

1.03%C

Temperature

Carbon content of welded steels is less than 0.2%.

Cooling time

Cooling time

CCT diagrams for some steels with various carbon content

Microstructure and cold cracking sensitivity

The factors affecting cold cracking sensitivity 1. Hydrogen i) Type of electrode and welding procedure ii) Welding conditions(diffusion time for hydrogen) iii) Post weld heat treatment ; PWHT 2. Restraint stress (residual stress) i) Joint configuration (position of joint in welded structure) (mainly) plate thickness ii) Welding conditions 3. Hardened microstructure (martensite) or hardness i) Chemical compositions (hardenability of steel)CCT diagram, Ceq ii) Cooling rate (cooling time from A3 to a defined temperature) a. heat inputenergy used for heating b. cooling ability plate thickness joint configuration pre-heating difference in temperature between weld and base metal

Microstructure and cold cracking sensitivity (Fig.C14)

Welding conditions Prediction of occurrence of Hydrogen Restraint stress CCT diagram Microstructure Estimation of cooling rate or time

cold cracking

Chemical compositions

The harder structure is, the more sensitive is.

Carbon equivalent

Effect of chemial bompositions

Methods proposed by 1. Bastien 2. Beckert 3. Yurioka

Effect of cooling rate

Estimation of maximum hardness in HAZ (Fig.C15)

Studies in 19401969 Investigations of the effects of the chemical compositions on the maximum hardness
Experimental data are summarized as carbon equivalent; Ceq. (Welding conditions are constant.) Dearden and ONeill (Trans. Inst. Weld. 3-4(1940), 203) Ceq C %Mn %Ni %Cr %V %Cu %Mo 15 5 6 4 13 14 Hvmax 1200 Ceq 200 (IIW)

Kihara and Suzuki (IIW Doc.IX-288-61, 1961) Maximum Vickers hardness number Ceq proposed by Kihara and Suzuki %Mn %Si %Ni %Cr %Mo Ceq C 4 5 40 6 24 Hvmax 666 Ceq 40 (WES)

Estimation of maximum hardness in HAZ (continued)

Studies in 19701979 Investigations of the effects of welding conditions on the maximum hardness Bastien (Metal Constr. & British Weld. J., 49-1(1970),9) Beckert (Schweiss Technik, 23-8(1973),234)
HvHv (HM ,HB,) HMHM(%C) ; hardness of 100% martensite HBHB(%C,%Si,%Mn,%Cu,%Ni,%Mo) ; hardness of 100% bainite ; cooling time from 800 to 500, which is determined by the welding conditions

Studies in 1980 Improving the accuracy of the hardness estimation

Method for maximum hardness estimation proposed by Yurioka (Fig.C16)

AWRI Symposium Pipeline welding in the 80s March 1981 modified in 1987 HMHB 2 HMHB 2.2 log

Hv

arctan(X)

X(in rad) 4

log B M

2,

;cooling time between 800 to 500

HM884%C(10.3(%C)2)294 HB145130 tanh(2.65 CeqII 0.69)

Mexp(10.6 CeqI 4.8) Bexp(6.2 CeqIII 0.74)

%Si %Mn %Cu %Ni %Cr %Mo %V %Nb CeqII %C 3 24 18 2.5 10 5 5 5 %Si %Mn %Cu %Ni %Mo %Cr CeqICp (10.16 %Cr)H 4 12 8 24 15 6 Cp %C (%C0.3%) %C0.25 (%C0.3%)

0 (B1ppm) 0.03fn (B2ppm) 0.06fn (B3ppm) 0.09fn (B4ppm) 0.02%N fn 0.02

%Mn %Cu %Ni %Cr %Mo CeqIII Cp 5 20 4 3.6 9

Fig.C17
-arctan X

2 1 0 -1 -2 -4 -2

4 arctan X -arctan X

2.2

HM+HB 2

hardness

HMHB

-2

-1

0 1 X parameter

Effect of carbon on HM (Fig.C18)

1000 800 600
HM=884%C+294

HM

400 200 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Carbon content mass% 1

Change in HB with CeqII (Fig.C19)

0.69 =0.26 2.65

300

HB

200
145

100

0 -2

-1

CeqII
%Si %Mn %Cu %Ni %Cr %Mo %V %Nb CeqII %C 3 24 18 2.5 10 5 5 5

M, B (Fig.C20)
103

102 101 100 10-1 10-2 0

CeqI, CeqIII

0.5

Estimation of maximum hardness by the Yuriokas method (Fig.C21)

HAZ hardness Hv

Cooling time between 800 and 500

sec