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Todays Objectives: Students will be able to: a) Define the moments of inertia (MoI) for an area. b) Determine the MoI for an area by integration.
In-Class Activities:
Check Homework, if any Reading Quiz Applications MoI: Concept and Definition MoI by Integration Concept Quiz Group Problem Solving Attention Quiz
READING QUIZ
1. The definition of the Moment of Inertia for an area involves an integral of the form
A) x dA.
C) x2 dm.
B) x2 dA.
D) m dA.
C) kgm2
D) kgm3
APPLICATIONS
Many structural members like beams and columns have cross sectional shapes like an I, H, C, etc.. Why do they usually not have solid rectangular, square, or circular cross sectional areas? What primary property of these members influences design decisions?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
Many structural members are made of tubes rather than solid squares or rounds. Why?
This section of the book covers some parameters of the cross sectional area that influence the designers selection.
Do you know how to determine the value of these parameters for a given cross-sectional area?
3cm
1cm
x
(B)
1cm
(A)
(C)
Consider three different possible cross sectional shapes and areas for the beam RS. All have the same total area and, assuming they are made of same material, they will have the same mass per unit length. For the given vertical loading P on the beam, which shape will develop less internal stress and deflection? Why? The answer depends on the MoI of the beam about the x-axis. It turns out that Section A has the highest MoI because most of the area is farthest from the x axis. Hence, it has the least stress and deflection.
The moments of inertia for the entire area are obtained by integration.
Ix = A y2 dA ; Iy = A x2 dA
JO = A r2 dA =
A ( x2 + y2 ) dA =
I x + Iy
The MoI is also referred to as the second moment of an area and has units of length to the fourth power (m4 or in4).
For a given area A and its MoI, Ix , imagine that the entire area is located at distance kx from the x axis. Then, Ix = k2 A or kx = ( Ix / A). This x kx is called the radius of gyration of the area about the x axis. Similarly;
2 kY = ( Iy / A ) and kO = ( JO / A )
The radius of gyration has units of length and gives an indication of the spread of the area from the axes. This characteristic is important when designing columns.
a) The element parallel to the axis about which the MoI is to be determined usually results in an easier solution. For example, we typically choose a horizontal strip for determining Ix and a vertical strip for determining Iy.
Iy =
x2 dA = x2 y dx
and
Ix = d Ix = (1 / 3) y3 dx (using the information for Ix for a rectangle about its base from the inside back cover of the textbook). Since in this case the differential element is dx, y needs to be expressed in terms of x and the integral limit must also be in terms of x. As you can see, choosing the element and integrating can be challenging. It may require a trial and error approach plus experience.
EXAMPLE
Given: The shaded area shown in the figure. Find: The MoI of the area about the x- and y-axes. Plan: Follow the steps given earlier. Solution Ix = y2 dA
O 2
dA = (2 x) dy = (2 y2/2) dy
Ix = y2 (2 y2/2) dy
2
EXAMPLE (continued)
Iy = x2 dA = x2 y dx = x2 (2x) dx
= 2 0 x 2.5 dx
= [ (2/3.5) x 3.5 ]0 = 4.57 m 4
2
In the above example, it would be difficult to determine Iy using a horizontal strip. However, Ix in this example can be determined using a vertical strip. So, Ix = (1/3) y3 dx = (1/3) (2x)3 dx .
CONCEPT QUIZ 1. A pipe is subjected to a bending moment as shown. Which property y of the pipe will result in lower stress (assuming a constant cross-sectional area)? A) Smaller Ix
C) Larger Ix
x
Pipe section
B) Smaller Iy
D) Larger Iy
y y=x3 x,y
2. In the figure to the right, what is the differential moment of inertia of the element with respect to the y-axis (dIy)? A) x2 y dx C) y2 x dy B) (1/12) x3 dy D) (1/3) y dy
Solution Ix = y2 dA = y2 (1-x) dy
0 2
y2 {1
(y/2)1/4}
= [
y3/3
(1/2)1/4
(4/13)
= 0.205 m4
Iy = x2 dA
= x2 y dx = x2 (2 x4) dx =
1 0
( 2x6 ) dx
1
= 2/7 [ x7 ]0
= 0.286 m4
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. When determining the MoI of the element in the figure, dIy equals A) x 2 dy B) x 2 dx
(x,y)
C) (1/3) y 3 dx D) x 2.5 dx
y2 = x
C) (1 /12) x 3 dy
D) (1/3) x 3 dx
PARALLEL-AXIS THEOREM FOR AN AREA & MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE AREAS
Todays Objectives: Students will be able to:
In-Class Activities:
1. Apply the parallel-axis theorem. Check Homework, if any 2. Determine the moment of inertia Reading Quiz (MoI) for a composite area. Applications Parallel-Axis Theorem Method for Composite Areas Concept Quiz Group Problem Solving Attention Quiz
READING QUIZ 1. The parallel-axis theorem for an area is applied between A) An axis passing through its centroid and any corresponding parallel axis. B) Any two parallel axis. C) Two horizontal axes only. D) Two vertical axes only.
2. The moment of inertia of a composite area equals the ____ of the MoI of all of its parts. A) Vector sum
APPLICATIONS
Cross-sectional areas of structural members are usually made of simple shapes or combination of simple shapes. To design these types of members, we need to find the moment of inertia (MoI). It is helpful and efficient if you can do a simpler method for determining the MoI of such crosssectional areas as compared to the integration method. Do you have any ideas about how this problem might be approached?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
This is another example of a structural member with a composite cross-area. Such assemblies are often referred to as a built-up beam or member.
Design calculations typically require use of the MoI for these crosssectional areas.
Consider an area with centroid C. The x' and y' axes pass through C. The MoI about the x-axis, which is parallel to, and distance dy from the x ' axis, is found by using the parallelaxis theorem.
and
4. The MoI of the entire area about the reference axis is determined by performing an algebraic summation of the individual MoIs obtained in Step 3. (Please note that MoI of a hole is subtracted).
Solution
1. The cross-sectional area can be divided into three rectangles ( [1], [2], [3] ) as shown. 2. The centroids of these three rectangles are in their center.
The distances from these centers to the y-axis are 0 in, 1.5 in, and 1.5 in, respectively.
EXAMPLE (continued)
3. From the inside back cover of the book, the MoI of a rectangle about its centroidal axis is (1/12) b h3.
[1]
[2] [3]
Using the parallel-axis theorem, IY[2] = IY[3] = IY + A (dX)2 = (1/12) (4) (1)3 + (4) (1) ( 1.5 )2 = 9.333 in 4
EXAMPLE (continued)
4.
ky = ( Iy / A)
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. For the area A, we know the centroids (C) location, area, distances between the four parallel axes, and the MoI about axis 1. We can determine the MoI about axis 2 by applying the parallel axis theorem ___ . A) Directly between the axes 1 and 2. B) Between axes 1 and 3 and then between the axes 3 and 2. C) Between axes 1 and 4 and then axes 4 and 2.
Axis
A
d3 d2 d1
4 3 2 1
d3 d2 d1
4 3 2 1
2. For the same case, consider the MoI about each of the four axes. About which axis will the MoI be the smallest number? A) B) C) D) E) Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Axis 4 Can not tell.
Solution
1. The given area can be obtained by subtracting the circle (c) from the sum of the triangle (a) and rectangle (b). 2. Information about the centroids of the simple shapes can be obtained from the inside back cover of the book. The perpendicular distances of the centroids from the x-axis are: da = 67 mm , db = 100 mm, and dc = 100 mm.
(a) (b)
IX = kX =
(c)
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. For the given area, the moment of inertia about axis 1 is 200 cm4 . What is the MoI about axis 3 (the centroidal axis)? A) 90 cm 4 C) 60 cm 4 B) 110 cm 4 D) 40 cm 4
A=10 cm2
d2
C C
3 2
d1
d1 = d2 = 2 cm
3cm
2. The moment of inertia of the rectangle about the x-axis equals 2cm 4. 4. A) 8 cm B) 56 cm C) 24 cm 4 . D) 26 cm 4 . 2cm