Medium

Network

Medium

Transmitting of data over the network

DATA

ASCII

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

ASCII

SEGMENTS

DATA

PACKETS

SEGMENTS

FRAMES

PACKETS

-++--+-+

01100101

01100101

FRAMES -++--+-+

TELEPHONE NETWORKS: A BRIEF HISTORY

The evolution of telephone has gone through the following major phases of development:

The Bell era Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) Packet-Switched Data Network (PSDN) VOIP

THE BELL ERA

Alexander Graham Bell was the first and foremost in making electronic transmission of voice a reality. He developed a device to transmit voice for which he filed for a patent on 14 February 1876.

INVENTION OF TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD

An important step in making the telephone more convenient was taken in 1876 when a Hungarian engineer, Tivadar Pusks invented the telephone switchboard. The invention allowed for the formation of telephone exchanges, and eventually networks.

IMPROVEMENT IN TELEPHONE RANGE

Bell and his friend Thomas A. Watson worked constantly on improving the telephone's range. They made their longest distance call on October 9, 1876.

INTRODUCTION OF TELEPHONE RINGER

A significant progress in convenient telephony came in 1878 when Thomas Watson filed for a ringer patent. Previously people used a crude thumper to signal the called party, hoping someone would be around to hear it.

INTRODUCING PSTN

PSTN is the world-wide collection of interconnected voice-oriented public telephone networks, both commercial and government-owned. All calls made using PSTN are circuit switched. The primary limitation of PSTN is the process of circuit switching where all packets go directly to the receiver in an orderly fashion, one after another on a single route.

A B C

INTRODUCING PSTN

The following graphic depicts a PSTN network:

INTRODUCING PSDN

PSDN, similar to PSTN, breaks up a message into small packets for transmission. PSDN employs the process of packet switching that transmits packets using different routes to their destination. PSDN has the ability to handle messages of different lengths, as well as different priorities, ensuring QoS.

INTRODUCING PSDN II

A typical phone call from a calling party to a called party in PSDN involves:
1.

2.

3.

4.

A caller who speaks on a phone, which converts audible sound into analog signals. The analog signals are carried over the local loop to the telephone exchange. The telephone exchange converted the analog signal to a digital signal. The telephone exchange creates packets of the digital signal.

INTRODUCING PSDN III

5.

6.

7.
8.

The digital signals are forwarded to the receivers end through different routes. The telephone exchange of the end customer receives and assembles the packets and converts them back to analog form. The analog signals go into the receiver phone. The receivers phone converts the analog signals to a replica of the callers voice.

A B C

INTRODUCING PSDN

The following graphic depicts a PSDN network:

INTRODUCING VOIP

VOIP refers to voice communications services that are transported via the Internet instead of the PSTN. VOIP uses Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), which is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) to transmit voice data.

AN OVERVIEW OF VOIP I

VOIP is a technology that enables voice communication using telephones or voicemessaging applications over the Internet. The following steps are involved in the communication process:
1.

2.

3.

The analog voice signals are first converted into digital format. The digital signals are translated into Internet Protocol (IP) packets. The IP packets are then transmitted over the Internet.

AN OVERVIEW OF VOIP II

In addition to VOIP communication using the phone, we can also communicate using VOIP through our computer. Some of major benefits of using these programs are:

They are freely available on the Internet. We simply need to download, install, and start using them. In addition to the program, we need the Internet connectivity, a microphone and a speaker and we are connected to anyone across the globe.

192.168.10.1

Packets

IP Format

VOIP Provides voice, video & data communication

VOIP SERVICES
S/W based service H/W based service Mobile based service Device based service

STANDARDS OF TELEPHONE NETWORKS

The two most popular standards telephone networks are:

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Standards The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

H.323

SIP

VOIP PHONE

CALL MANAGER ATA VOIP GATEWAY

COMPONEN TS

SERVERS/ BROAD BAND

INTERNET (ISP)

INVITE - 1

INVITE - 2 INVITE - 4

TRYING 3

SIP
S E R V E R
TRYING 5

SIP
RINGING - 7
OK - 10

RINGING - 8
OK - 11

S E R V E R

TRYING 6 OK 9

ACK - 12

BENEFITS OF VOIP

VOIP has several advantages over the traditional circuit switching. Some of them are:

Cheap and cost effective Cost independent of distance Integration with audio, data, and video applications Flexibility Ability to choose our own area codes Several free offers

TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES

VOIP is Packet Switching technology. VOIP is taking over dedicated and public IP networks to connect switching stations. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), which will merge Internet technologies with the mobile world.