OUTLINE

Introduction

Categories
Pros & Cons Case Study

Preventive: Biosurveillance
Summary Conclusion

DEFINITION

Terrorism is refer to use or treat of force or violence against people or property

Bioterrorism is the intentional use of viruses, bacteria, or other gems (biological agents) to plants, animals or human that can cause illness. If severe can lead to death

THE WORST IN HISTORY

1984 1940
15 million fleas infected with plague is dropped by Japanese planes at Chinese cities [120 death] The Rajneeshee cult contaminates salad bars with Salmonella typhimurium [751 are poisoned, 45 hospitalized]

2001
Anthrax was distributed through the U.S mail [22 people infected]

~CATEGORIES~
Category A Category B Category C

Easily spread or transmitted from person to person

High death rates and have the potential for major public health impact Might cause public panic and social disruption Require special action for public health preparedness.

Moderately easy to spread

Moderate illness rates and low death rates Require specific enhancements of CDC's laboratory capacity and enhanced disease monitoring.

Easily available
Easily produced and spread Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact.

Category A
Anthrax Smallpox Tularemia Bubonic plague Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Botulinum toxin

Category B
1. Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens

2. Food safety threats :

Salmonella species Escherichia coli O157:H7

Staphylococcus aureus
3. Water supply threats: Cryptosporidium parvum Vibrio cholerae

Category C
Nipah virus Hantavirus SARS H1N1 (flu) HIV/AIDS

PROS : TERRORISTS
Biologic weapons are cheaper More devastating than chemical weapons and maybe even

nuclear weapons
Deadly quantities of infectious agents are easy to hide,

transport, and spread throughout the population

Can be extremely difficult to detect Do not cause illness for several hours to several days

CONS: POPULATION
Can cause panic and fear to human population Have possibility to be infected with diseases May lead to death Need to create vaccines to cure the diseases Food supply or water source contaminated Loss of livestock

Case study

2001US Anthrax Attack

ANTHRAX
acute infectious disease caused by

Bacillus anthracis affects farm animal more than human Human infection-infected animal -Infected tissue -anthrax spore

TYPE OF INFECTIONS
Cutaneous
cut or abrasion on skin raised , itchy bump (insect bite) Days later-painless ulcer, swell of lymph gland 20% cases death , rare with antimicrobial therapy inhalation of spore, affect lung initial- resemble common cold days later-severe breathing problems usually fatal

Inhalation

Gastrointestin al

eating contaminated meat, affect intestinal tract initial-nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, fever days later-abdominal pain, vomiting of blood & severe diarrhae 25%-60% cases death

Cutaneous infection

Inhalation infection

2001 ANTHRAX ATTACK

ANTHRAX LETTER

CONSEQUENCES
The attack cause:

- 22 infection cases, 5 death

Josep Curseen Jr., Thomas Morris, Ottilie Lundgren, Robert Stevens, and Kathy Nguyen

- Infected postal office closure for years On August 6, 2008

- The FBI concludes : Dr Bruce Ivins was solely responsible for the attacks

BIOSURVEILLANCE
Definition:

-systematic observation of an area of operations for biological hazards

bioFlow-Handheld Sensor Biothreat Detection

-identify in range of sample

function
- antibody-coated magnetic microspheres + unique partner - Microsphere in catridges-switch out depend on target

Identification

-conveys microsphere through laser reader -called flow cytometry Diadvantages -not a high throughput level screening -cannot identify true unknown

NIDS (NANO INTELLIGENT DETECTION SYSTEM)

first Handheld Assay (HHA)

each HHA test strip simultaneously testing for up to 5 bio agents

from just 100 microliters of sample solution in 15 minutes

utilizes unique nano-manipulation technology using antibody Antibody + unique partner = coupling

 orient all active antibodies for maximum sensitivity to virtually

eliminate Hook Effect

Bacillus anthracis (Ba), Yersinia pestis (Yp), Franciscella

tularensis (Ft). Vaccinia virus (VAC), Ricin, Botulinum Toxin A (Bot

A), Botulinum Toxin B (Bot B) and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B

(SEB)

CONCLUSION
Bioterrorism is one of deadliest threat to human kind. So we as

the future generation should grip strongly to ethic and

humanism.