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Outline
What types of computers are needed for business applications? What are the basic objects that computers process? What are the main components of a computer? Why is the operating system so important? How does the Internet change the role of computers? What are the main software applications used in business?
Tablet:$500-2,000
Motorola
HP
Trends
Hardware
Size (capacity) Speed (performance) Reliability Mobility and physical size Price Data types: Text, Images, Audio, Video Original: User/Programmer Early: Sequential Questions Easier: Menus Current: User/Event Driven
Technology Trends
Cost of workers increasing Cost of technology decreasing Capabilities increasing
Application Objects
Primary Objects
Text Numbers Pictures Sound Video
At t r ibut es
Primary Functions
Cut Copy Paste Edit Save and Retrieve Align
Funct ions Cut , copy, past e, edit, sa ve, r et r ieve, align. Tot a l, ca lculat e, com par e. Sea r ch, form a t , spell-check. Color a nd light cha nges r esca le, r ot a t e, blend, et c. Recor d, pla yba ck, fr equency a nd a m plit ude shifts. Recor d, pla yba ck com pr ess a nd decom pr ess.
Pr ecision, sca le. Typefa ce, size, bold, it a lic, etc. Resolut ion, num ber of colors bit -m ap or vect or. Sa m ple r at e, fr equency & am plit ude, MIDI or sa m ple. Inher it im a ge a nd sound a t tr ibut es a nd fu nct ions, fr a m es per second.
Numbers
Attributes
Precision
Functions
decimal places
0 7 15
Alphabets
How many letters are there in the alphabet? This is a trick question. You need to ask: Which alphabet?
Early 1980s U.S. and England Latin-based characters: tilde, accent, umlaut, , , Asian ideograms, plus any language ASCII and EBCDIC 127 characters => 7 bits/1 byte Code pages and extended character sets 255 characters => 8 bits/1 byte Unicode All modern languages and most dead languages 1 character => 2 (or 3) bytes
1990s+
Text
Attributes
Typeface Point size Color Bold, italic Underline . . . Spelling Grammar Searching Sorting
Typeface Classification
Sans serif
Arial 20
Courier 18 (monospace)
Serif
Garamond 24
New Century Schoolbook 16
Functions
Times 22
Ornamental
Braggadocio 18
Brush Script 20
72 points, 1 inch
leading
Resolution
32 16
If the rectangles are measured in inches: 4 x 3 the resolution is 8 ppi and 4 ppi
4 inches
How many colors per pixel? How many colors can the human eye distinguish?
16,000,000: 2^24 = 16,777,216 24 bits = 3 bytes: Red + Green + Blue (RGB) 3 bytes per pixel => 3*240,000 raw data bytes = 720,000 Double resolution to 200 dpi => 4*720,000 = 2,880,000
SXGA
UXGA WSXGA HDTV
1280 x 1024
1600 x 1200 1680 x 1050 1920 x 1080
Typeset 2400
Aspect Ratio
Aspect Ratio is the relationship between width and height. Early films and NTSC televisions (U.S.) had an aspect ratio of 4:3, so initial computer displays copied that ratio.
640 x 480 4/3 1600 x 1200 4/3 Photographs often used the same ratio.
But movies were created with a much wider screen and an aspect ratio closer to 1.85:1 or 2.40:1(check the back of a movie package). HD TV was designed to come closer to the movie industry and standardized on 16:9.
HD 1080p is 1920 x 1080 16:9 Many computer screens have adopted that ratio.
Colors
RGB: Red Green Blue, 1 byte each (0-255 values) Visualize as lights: 255, 0, 0 is all red 0, 128, 0 is half green 255, 255, 0 is yellow 0, 0, 0 = black Hue CMYK: Cyan Magenta Yellow Key Used for printing (Key is black) Expressed as a percentage of pure color. 0, 0, 0, 0 = no color (white page) Saturation HSL: Hue, Saturation, Luminosity Used in video/television. x, 0, 0 = black Luminosity
Emboss
Hundreds of tools and options. You can add and delete items from photographs. Professional editing is hard to detect. You need a really good monitor to edit photos.
CD quality audio (44.1 KHz, stereo): 150 KB/sec or 9 MB/min (6 MB/min compressed)
Audio Samples
frequency (pitch)
lower / higher
440.01
Frequency: (hertz) cycles per second
37.15
time How many measurements per second? Two numbers, 16 bits each, times two for stereo.
Transition
Video overlay Superimpose text Superimpose text Audio (2 channels) with volume fade.
Application Objects
Sound
Attributes
Amplitude/volume Frequency/pitch MIDI v samples
Functions
Display/Play Edit
Functions
Record Play
Size Complications
Object Text and numbers Image (300 dpi, 24-bit color, 4 x 6 in.) 1958 x 1128 Sound (44.1 KHz stereo) Video (DV 720 x 480 at 29.97 fps, stereo) HDTV (1080p: 1920 x 1080) (MP4) Raw 5 KB/page 6.32 MB Compressed Lossy 2.3 KB/page N/A 2.4 MB 78 245 KB 0.01 KB/sec 1 MB/sec 1.5 MB/sec
Compression: Text uses a ZIP folder. Image is JPEG at high quality (12), low (0) medium (6) Sound is WAV at 44.1 kbps and WMA at 64 kbps Video is DV AVI and Microsoft WMV at 6383 kbps HDTV is MP4 HDTV: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/howto/articles/ understandinghdformats.aspx
Data Compression
Storing every single pixel requires a huge amount of space. Compression looks for patterns. For example, instead of storing 1000 black dots in a row, it is much shorter to store a note that says 1000 black dots come next. The JPEG standard supports lossy compression, which matches patterns if they are closesaving more space, but reducing quality.
Computer Components
Input Process Output
seconds - milliseconds
nanoseconds Keyboard Mouse Optical scanner Voice input Bar code Touch screen Light pen MICR Magnetic strips Card reader Other computers Processor RAM Device controllers seconds - milliseconds Video monitor Printer Plotter Process control Voice output Secondary Music synthesizers storage milliseconds Other computers Magnetic Disk Floppy Disk Optical Disk Tape Drive USB Drive
Motherboard
Disk drives
IDE SATA
Power supply
Physical Size
Processor and RAM internal distances determine the size of internal components and the number of items.
2011 common distance was 32 nanometers (nm). Next goal is 22 nm. Placing items closer together means more capacity per chip and it can reduce heat and power consumption, and improve performance.
Comparisons
A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. Paper thickness (20 pound): 0.004 inches = 0.1 millimeter = 100 micrometers = 100,000 nm. A green laser pointer has a wavelength of 532 nm. X-ray wavelength is from 0.01 to 10 nm.
Multi-core
250
200
150
100
50
2004
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
RAM Costs
Cost of RAM
400 350 300 250 $/GB 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1990 $250 for .008 GB $32,000/GB 2007: $59 for 1 GB 800 MHz $59/GB 2010: $45 for 4096 1333 MHz DDR3 $11.25/GB
www.newegg.com Conclusion: RAM is free.
Parallel Processing
+ =
11 24 32 15 27 33 57 84 ___________________
Cache Memory
Processor Cache on Processor
Fast
File
Needed Might need Read ahead
Cache Memory
Processor is faster than disk drive.
Reads ahead and stores several pieces of the file into cache memory. Pulls data from cache as needed. Cache is used as a buffer between two devices of different speeds. Disk>RAM, RAM->Processor
Disk Drive
Slow
Connecting Components
Method PCI-e 2.0/x16 Max Speed 500 M Bytes/s*16 64 G bits/sec Primary Purpose Connect peripherals, graphics cards
SATA II
SATA 3 Fibre Channel Firewire 2.0 HDMI USB 2.0 USB 3.0
3 G bits/sec
6 G bits/sec 20 G bits/sec 800 m bits/sec 3.4 G bits/sec *3 480 m bits/sec 4.8 G bits/sec
Disk drives
Disk drives SAN/external drives Video, drives HDTV video External devices External devices
10 100 Gbits/sec
External devices
Max speed is never achieved, but it can reveal bottlenecks. Hard drive transfer LAN/gigabit rates are often limited by drive write speeds. Computers, drives 1 G bits/sec But, the newer methods (SATA 3 and USB 3.0) will improve the performance of large data transfers. These methods become more useful when connecting to a large solid state drive.
Input: Keyboards
There have been increasing complaints about injuries caused by repetitive typing tasks. Several manufacturers have experimented with new keyboard designs (like this one from Microsoft) that are claimed to relieve physical stress.
Input: Multi-touch
Jeff Han Presentation February 2006 time: 9:31
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKh1Rv0PlOQ
Input: Scanners
Scanners
Format
Hand-held Page Flatbed
OCR reads pixels and converts to letters and words. But mistakes arise.
Input: Voice
Voice
Microsoft Office includes a decent voice input system. It must be trained so that it adapts to your speech patterns. It is not perfect, but is relatively fast. It works best if you speak in full sentencesenabling the system to choose words based on context.
Output: Printers
Speed (pages per minute) Cost Duty cycle: Pages per week or month
Initial Cost (dollars) 300 20,000 500+ 100 - 500 Cost Per Page (cents) 0.6 3 5 75 5 - 150 Quality (dots/inch) 600 1200 600 1200 300 1200 Speed (pages/min.) 4 8 17 150+ 1 30 1 - 20
Secondary Storage
Drive Capacity (gigabytes) 16 512 2-64 250 800 0.70 4.77 (8.5 DL) 25 (50 DL) 128
Conclusion: Storage is free But high-speed storage costs more
Cost/GB (dollars) 0.07 1.76 1.80 0.05 1.00 0.18 0.04 0.12
Magnetic hard 80 3,000 SSD USB drive Tape CD-ROM DVD Blu-Ray Blu-Ray BDXL, IH-BD
2007
2010
2
16
50
55
8
25 100
5
18 70
SSD (laptop)
Year Capacity (GB) Price Read MB/s Write MB/s Brand
725 1400
1500?
250 230
415
170 180
260
Intel Kingston
Micron
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9J5xGwdmsuo
20 servers, 12 processors each, delivering 225 videos each = 4500 videos. All of them delivered from a single (monster) SSD. The SSD has 8 controllers each capable of delivering 750 MB/s for a total of 6 gigabytes per second!
What is a Server?
Reliability Easy backup Easy maintenance Multi-user Scalability
What is a Client/Browser?
Display device/standards User interface Data collection New: Wireless
Compatibility
Hardware standards? Operating systems
Cas h Rec ei v abl es I nv ent or i es Tot al Cur r ent As s et s 33, 87, 15, 136, 562 341 983 886
Ac c ount s Pay abl e Not es Pay abl e Ac c r ual s Tot al Cur r ent Li
Net Fi x ed As s et s Tot al As s et s
Unix Windows-NT
Software Categories
Operating Systems
Device driver Device driver
Operating System
Device driver
Device driver
Time comparison
1 ns / 1 sec == 31.7 years 1 micro / 1 sec == 11.6 days
Multitasking
Single Tasking Task 1 Task 2 Task 3
Multitasking
VM1: Windows Server 1 processor, 4 GB RAM VM2: Linux Database Server 2 processors, 8 GB RAM VM3: Windows PC 1 processor, 2 GB RAM
Shared Memory
Shared network
One physical Computer You have to purchase operating systems and software for each VM, but only one set of hardware.
1st generation:
1110 1001 1101 1101 1111 0111
Machine
get data at 1101 add value at 1111 put result in 0111
2nd generation:
MOV AX,[011E] 011E ADD AX,[0100] 0100
Assembly
get value at add value at
Computer Languages
3rd generation:
FORTRAN Basic COBOL C
Procedural
4th generation:
SQL:
5th generation:
Artificial Intelligence Natural Language Example: What were gross sales last month?
Application Software
Research: Databases Analysis: Calculations (spreadsheets and more) Communication: Writing (word processors and more) Communication: Presentation and Graphics Communication: Voice and Mail (e-mail and more) Organizing Resources: Calendars and Schedules
Augmented Reality
Layering data on images and video.
Paper Consumption
Paper Consumption: Kg/Person/Year
18 16 14 12 10 World 8 6 4 2 0 USA
http://earthrends.wri.org Raw data from Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN http://faostat.fao.org/site/626/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=626
Operating Systems: Linux (and others) Applications: Sun Star Office (and others) Development: GNU A bunch of open questions:
Total cost? Service and support? Training? Upgrades? Security?
These can be religious issues for some. The Internet solved many of the issues with the client platform, can it solve the application battles?
Cloud Computing
Pie
Too many observations/slices Unreadable features/3-D Poorly labeled Too many series Poor or missing legend Not zero-based
Poor choice of variables Not zero-based
Line
Scatter
15
HP IBM
10 Ratio
Dell
Apple
5 Sun Acer 0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Lenovo
-5