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Extension
From
the latin word tensio meaning stretching and ex meaning out Literal meaning stretching out
COUNTRY
Dutch
MEANING
Lighting the pathway ahead to help people find their way Lighting the way ahead with a torch Advisory work an expert can give advice on the best way to reach ones goal but leaves the person the final responsibility for selecting the way
Indonesia Germany
Penyuluhan Beratung
COUNTRY
TERMINOLOGY Aufklrung
MEANING Enlightenment so that one knows clearly where he/she is going Education, that is, to teach, people to solve their problems themselves Furthering or stimulating one to go in a desirable direction
Erziehung
Austria
Frderung
France
Vulgarisation
Spain
Capacitacion
Simplification of the message for the common man Improving peoples abilities, normally through training
USA
Extension
Malaysia
Education, or influencing people to change their behavior Perkembangan Education, the way USA interprets it
Different Perspective
as technical assistance a bridge that connects farmers to agricultural research technology transfer or delivery nonformal education one that happens outside the formal school system
Saguiguit, 1976 A system of RURAL EDUCATION which endeavors to MAKE AVAILABLE to rural people who CANNOT ATTEND SCHOOL, a type of service to IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS of the farmers, homemakers, and rural people by teaching them TO ADOPT BETTER AND IMPROVED METHODS in their farming persuits.
Maunder, 1973, 1994 A SERVICE or system which ASSISTS FARM PEOPLE, through EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURES, in IMPROVING FARMING METHODS and TECHNIQUES INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY and INCOME LIFTING SOCIAL and EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS of rural people
Rling 1988 An instrument of PREMEDITATED, DELIBERATE INTERVENTION to achieve the INTERVENERS GOALS and can only be effective by INDUCING VOLUNTARY CHANGE on the part of the client and hence satisfying clients goals.
PREMEDITATED characterized by fully conscious willful intent and a measure of forethought and planning DELIBERATE characterized by or resulting from careful and thorough consideration, being aware of the consequence(s) of actions and/or decisions INTEREVENOR the extension organization CLIENT the farmer, fisherfolk, rural people
VOLUNTARY proceeding from the will or from ones own choice or consent; unconstrained by interference; acting or done on ones own free will without valuable consideration or legal obligation CHANGE to make or become different in some particular; to undergo a modification or a transformation
Extension is
AN INSTRUMENT FOR INDUCING VOLUNTARY CHANGE TO ACHIEVE THE INTERVENORS GOALS YET SATISFYING CLIENTS GOALS
an intervention Is an educational process Is a communication intervention Intends to voluntary change in behavior Focus on a number of target processes at outcome Has altruistic orientation Has dimension
Nature/Dimension of Extension
Altruistic Dimension
Extension is aimed at HELPING farmers A BASIC PREMISE of extension that must be observed by practitioners
Educational Dimension
Extension is a NON-FORMAL method of ADULT EDUCATION Thus, extension professionals must be imbued with knowledge on HOW ADULTS LEARN
Communication Dimension
Extension
is a COMMUNICATION INTERVENTION Knowledge of BASIC COMMUNICATION PROCESS and its dynamics must be adequately understood by the extension professional
Behavioral Dimension
Extension
is aimed at INDUCING BEHAVIORAL CHANGES among farmers This makes behavioral change the END GOAL of extension If farmer has not changed his behavior (for his betterment) NO EXTENSION HAS BEEN DONE
Technology Dimension
Extension
helps in the TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY Extension should be able to identify technologies APPROPRIATE TO CLIENTELE The NEED for ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES and METHODS for diagnosing technical problems should be recognized
Research Dimention
Extension
farmers Ways to foster CLOSER LINKS between the farmers and the researchers need further understanding
Input Dimension
PROVISION
of TECHNICAL INPUTS plays an important linking function in the transfer of technology Requires that extension professional be KNOWLEDGEABLE of these technical inputs
Income Dimension
Extension
is aimed at INCREASED INCOME for the farmer through INCREASED PRODUCTION and PRODUCTIVITY
Management Dimension
Extension
aims to function according to SOUND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES. Hence, requiring that the extension professional be a GOOD MANAGER
Starts with theory & works Students study subjects. Fixed curriculum offered Authority rests with the teacher Attendance is compulsory Teacher instructs the students
1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
Starts with practices & may take up theory up to practice later on People study problems No fixed curriculum or course of study & people help to formulate the curriculum Authority rests with the people Participation is voluntary. Extension worker teaches & also learns from the people
7. 8.
9.
Teaching is only through instructors Teaching is mainly vertical More or less homogeneous audience Rigid Pre-planned & predecided More theoretical
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
Teaching is also through local leaders Teaching is mainly horizontal Heterogeneous audience Flexible Freedom to develop programmes locally programmes. based on the development needs & expressed desires of the stakeholders of development More practical and & intended for immediate application in' the solution of problems.