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  • Staphylococci

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    chikitsak
    601 просмотров25 страниц
    Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and include pathogens like S. aureus and S. epidermidis. They have various cell-associated virulence factors like capsules, peptidoglycan, and protein A. They also produce extracellular enzymes and exotoxins that contribute to pathogenesis. S. aureus causes skin and soft tissue infections as well as pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning. S. epidermidis commonly infects implanted medical devices. Staphylococcal infections are diagnosed via microscopy, culture, and tests for coagulase and catalase production. Treatment involves drainage, antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and

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    staphylococci

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    Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and include pathogens like S. aureus and S. epidermidis. They have various cell-associated virulence factors like capsules, peptidoglycan, and protein A. They also produce extracellular enzymes and exotoxins that contribute to pathogenesis. S. aureus causes skin and soft tissue infections as well as pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning. S. epidermidis commonly infects implanted medical devices. Staphylococcal infections are diagnosed via microscopy, culture, and tests for coagulase and catalase production. Treatment involves drainage, antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and

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    601 просмотров25 страниц

    Staphylococci

    Загружено:

    chikitsak
    Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that occur in clusters and include pathogens like S. aureus and S. epidermidis. They have various cell-associated virulence factors like capsules, peptidoglycan, and protein A. They also produce extracellular enzymes and exotoxins that contribute to pathogenesis. S. aureus causes skin and soft tissue infections as well as pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning. S. epidermidis commonly infects implanted medical devices. Staphylococcal infections are diagnosed via microscopy, culture, and tests for coagulase and catalase production. Treatment involves drainage, antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PPT, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 25

    Staphylococci

    Classification
    Family
    Micrococcaceae

    Genus
    Micrococcus and Staphylococcus

    Species

    S. aureus S. saprophyticus S. epidermidis M. luteus

    Morphology
    Staph vs. Strep

    Gram-positive cocci in clusters

    Staphylococcus

    Streptococcus

    properties
    gram positive cocci arranged in grape-like clusters. non-motile, non-spore forming, and noncapsulated .

    Groups of Staphylococci
    Coagulase positive It is staph aureus It causes fermentation of manitose so phenol red changes its color to yellow Coagulase negative It is either S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus It doesnt cause fermentation of manitose so there is no color change

    Cell-Associated Virulence Factors


    Capsule Peptidoglycan (PG) Teichoic acid is linked to PG and is species specific:
    S. aureus S. epidermidis ribitol teichoic acid (polysaccharide A) glycerol teichoic acid (polysaccharide B)

    Protein A is covalently linked to PG Clumping factor (bound coagulase)

    Virulence Factors Extracellular Enzymes


    Coagulases
    Antigenic

    (bound or free)

    Hyaluronidase
    spreading factor of S. aureus

    Nuclease
    Cleaves DNA and RNA in S. aureus

    Protease
    Staphylokinase (fibrinolysin)

    Lipases Esterases

    Virulence Factors: Exotoxins


    Cytolytic (cytotoxins; cytolysins) Alpha toxin - hemolysin Reacts with RBCs Beta toxin Sphingomyelinase Gamma toxin Hemolytic activity

    Delta toxin Cytopathic for: RBCs Macrophages Lymphocytes Neutrophils Platelets Enterotoxic activity Leukocidin

    Virulence Factors: Exotoxins


    Enterotoxin Exfoliative toxin (epidermolytic toxin) Pyrogenic exotoxins

    Pathogenesis
    Phagocytosis prevented by capsule Spread of infection due to enzymes and virulance factors Food poisoning is due to enterotoxin

    Clinical Manifestations/Disease
    SKIN
    folliculitis boils (furuncles) carbuncles impetigo (bullous & pustular) scalded skin syndrome
    Neonates and children under 4 years

    Clinical Manifestations/Disease
    Other infections
    Primary staphylococcal pneumonia Food poisoning vs. foodborne disease Toxic shock syndrome

    Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
    Staphylococcus epidermidis

    S. saprophyticus

    S. Epidermidis Infection causes infection in the presence of a foreign body


    Foreign Body prosthetic heart valve
    IV catheter CSF shunt urinary catheter peritoneal dialysis catheter

    Infection endocarditis
    bacteremia meningitis UTI (in elderly) peritonitis

    Staphylococcal Lab ID & Diagnostic Tests


    Microscopic Lab isolation Coagulase positive
    S. aureus

    Blood Cultures
    S. aureus is beta hemolytic and gives yellow colonies on blood agar

    S. epidermidis is non-hemolytic and gives white colonies

    Mannitol Salts Agar (MSA)

    Staphylococcus aureus

    Differential Characteristics
    Streptococci vs. Staphylococci

    2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O

    Catalase

    Catalase POS

    Staphylococcus

    Catalase NEG

    Differential Characteristics
    S. aureus
    Coagulase

    Fibrinogen Fibrin

    DNAse positive will be staph aureus and DNAse negative will be S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus

    DNAse test

    Treatment
    Drain infected area Deep/metastatic infections
    semi-synthetic penicllins cephalosporins erythromycin clindamycin

    Endocarditis
    semi-synthetic penicillin + an aminoglycoside

    Treatment of S. aureus infection It is treated with penicillinase resistant penicillins e.g. cloxacillin and methicillin If it is MRSA it is treated with vancomycin

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