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Parts of speech
Kinds of part of speech o Noun o Pronoun o Verb o Adjective o Adverb o Preposition o Conjunction o interjection
1.Noun
Noun : is a word used as the name of anything-a person,an animal, an object, a situation , a quality or an idea. Example: o Take your book, please! o Rizky is listening to the radio. o They saw tiger in the zoo o I met a man yesterday o Jakarta is the capital city of indonesia.
2. verb
Verb is a word that tells of an action or state of being and the time of when it si Example o Alfian studies grammar o We are walking to school o The rain drenched us o Starts appear at night o They look tired
Transitive verb I read news paper He drinks water You take my book I kicked the ball I write the letter
intransitive verb I travel to bali Ali goes to school You will sleep She runs I cried last night
Study studied studied Play played played Work worked worked Walk walked walked
Sleep slept slept See saw seen Think thought thought Teach tought - tought
Betty looked at the melon Budy felt the melon Peter grows tomatoes Ari smells the dirt
The melon looked ripe The night grew cold The boy seems/feels/looks happy The man appears/becomes the leader The food looks/tastes/smells good another lingking verb are: get, sound
3. Past morpheme will be pronounced ID when its last wore are T and D in consonants. Ex: waited, avoided, pointed, visited, limited, wanted, painted,added,updated admitted, edited, formated, dissapointed started, imported, complicated,accepted,broadcasted,blen ded, folded,snaped,aquainted,affronted,lifted, directed tc.
3. Adjective
An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or pronoun Comparisson degree
Positive
High Short Small Great Weak Clever Narrow Bitter Happy Heavy Expensive Important valuable
comparative
Higher Shorter Smaller greater Weaker Cleverer/more clever Narrower/more narrow Bitterer/more bitter Happier Havier More expensive More important More valuable
superlative
Highest Shortest smallest Greatest Weakest Cleverest/most clever Narrowest/most clever Bitterest/most bitter Happiest Heaviest Most expensive Most important Most valuable
4. Pronoun
A Pronoun is a word used as a subtitute for a noun. It is divided into some kinds: a. Personal pronoun b. Possessive pronoun c. Possessive adjective d. Reflexive pronoun e. Relative pronoun f. Indefinite pronoun
Personal pronoun subject I You We They He She It object Me You us them him her It
Indifinite
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns which refer very generally to persons or things
Indifinite pronoun of persons and things Someone Somebody Something Anyone Anything No one Nobody Nothing Everyone Everybody etc Indifinite pronoun of quantitiy A lot of All Another Any Both Each Either More Most Much etc
5. Adverb
An Adverb is a word, which modivies a verb, an adjective or another adverb, it could used also to tell time (when), place(where) ,reason(why),manner(how),degree(how much),to what extent and frequency(how often) Example a. They will leave soon (time) b. He will wait here (place) c. Therefore he was punished (why) d. The boys played well (manner) e. They were quite satisfied (degree) f. She is always late (frequency)
Forming adverb
Many adverb are formed from adjectives, with the addition of the suffixly
adjective Busy Great Happy Quiet Slow Soft Brave Accurete Gradual Expert Attentive Generous Impatient quick adverb Busily Greatly Happily Quietly Slowly Softly Bravely Accuretely Gradually Expertly Attentively Generously Impatiently quickly
6. Prepositions
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its reletionship to some other words in a sentence Examples: o The children played behind the house o We are leaving on Sunday o We shall meet at three oclock Here is a list of some of the more common prepositions: of ,in, on, up, at, to, into, for, with, by, from, till, after, before, near, against, across, behind, below, beneath, above, over, about, between, through, under, inside, around, outside, upon.
7. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words used to connect one word to another word or one sentence to another sentence Three kinds of conjuntions a. Coordinating conjunctions b. Subordinating conjunctions c. Correlatives conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions is conjunctions
o o o o which join words or groups of words of equal importance Example He teaches physics and math in this school He is tired and wants to rest He is intelligent but lazy You must hurry up or you will left behind
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions is conjunctions that join one important element to another of lesser importance Example o He is tired because he has been working hard o You will succeed if you are diligent The most comon Subordinating conjunctions are : becouse, if, since, when ,where,although, as, as if, unless, that, before, after
Correlatives conjunctions
Correlatives conjunctions are ussually used on pairs, they include: both....and, either ....or, neither...nor, not only...but also o o o Example Both marry and john are students in this school. Neither he nor his brother is trustworthy You must either contribute some useful idea or keep quiet o He is not only stubborn but also lazy
8. Interjection
An Interjection is an exclamatory word or phrase to express a sudden feeling of mind or emotion Example : o Oh my god, protect me! o Bah, he isnt actor o Well you must go now! o Uh, dont think over this problem too seriously o Oh look at the time! o Hurrah! We have won! o Alas! He realized his folly too late
Present
Past
Two years ago, i I was studying studied English in english When England you called yesterday I will help you study English. I am going to study english next year. Marry said that she would study at unissula the next day I will be studying English when you arrive tonight He would be studying at 10 this morning
Future
Past future
Negative : -( i-you-we- they)do not work everyday Subject +do/does not + verb 1 form -(he- she it) does not work everyday Interrogative : Do/Does +Subject +Verb 1 form Negative introgative: do/does +subject+ verb 1 form Do ( i-you-we- they) work everyday ? Does (he- she it) work everyday ? - Do+not( i-you-we- they) work ? -does+not (he- she it) work ?
Negative introgative: did/ +not+subject+ verb 1 form Did not you eat last night?
The past simple and the past continuous are often used togather to say that samething happened in the middle of something else Example:
A. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner B. I saw you in the park yesterday, you were sitting on the grass and reading the book. C. While i was in the garden, i hurt my back.
Had you carried a bag of gold? Had not you carried a bag of gold?
I didnt know who she was, I had never seen her before
Another Example
James had been working at the pluit hospital for fifteen years(james telah sedang bekerja dirumah sakit pluit selama 15 tahun) before he died(sebelum dia mninggal) Thomas had been traveling to west kalimantan for a week before she went back to jakarta( thomas telah sedang bepergian ke kalimantan barat selama seminggu sebelum dia kembali kejakarta)
Negative : He will not have graduated from Subject +will/shall+not+have+ verb Unissula by the end of this year 3 Interrogative : Will/shall+have +Subject +Verb 3 Negative introgative: will/shall+not+have +subject+ verb3 will he have graduated from Unissula by the end of this year
Another Example
I will have passed my examination by the end of this month. Lucia will have got merried to robbin by june. A mechanic will have checked the enggine before the pilot flies the plane.
Interrogative : Will you have been sleeping.........? Will+ Subject +have+been +Verb-ing Negative introgative: Will +not+have+been+subject+ verb+ing Will not you have been sleeping.....?
Another example
The firefighters will have been fighting against the fire for five hours by seven oclock My child will have been playing for three hours by the time i get home. Mr. Black will have been teaching here for fifteen years at that time
Future perfect
Present continuous Past continuous
The car/cars
The car/cars The car/cars
designed
designed designed
Passive voice
Usage: it shows that the subject is receiving the action of the verb
(a) Active : Ali mails the package. (b) passive : the package is mailed by Ali (c) Ali s mails v the package. o (a) And (b) have the same meaning
In (c) the object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence
The package is mailed by Ali s v by-phrase (d) Ali s mails v the package. o (d) The subject of an active sentence is the subject of by in theby-phrase in passive sentence
Simpe past
Present perfect
Future
Ali will mail the letter Ali is going to mail the letter
Wh+how questions
Question words Meaning Examples
Who
Where Why
Person
Place Reason
Whos that?
Where do you live? Why do you sleep early?
When
How What
Time
Manner Object, action
Which
Whose Whom What kind What time How many How much
Choice
Possession Object of verb Description Time Quantity(coun table) Amount,price (uncountable)
Wh+how questions
Question word How long How often How far How old How come Meaning Duration,length Frequency Distance Age Reason Examples How long did you stay in the hotel? How often do you go to the gym How far is your school ? How old are you? How come i didnt see you at the party
Any : Espeacially used in negative sentence, any is used for both countable and uncountable noun Example I dont have any friends He has not any cheese Have you got any idea? Do you have any keys?
A lot of : it might be used both countable or uncaountable noun. Example: There are a lot of books There are lots of books Ive gotten a lot of money Ive gotten lots of money
Writing Exercise
Make your own recount text related with your past experiance about holidays Consider these following instrutions: 1. Attend to the generic structure (orientation, event, re-orientation). 2. Use the passive voice,at least 3. 3. include the kinds of part of speech. 4. The text no exceed than 150 words
gerund
Gerund is a form of verb that functions as noun and ends in ing. 1. As the Subject : Whwn an action is being considered in a general sense. Example : a. Reading French is easier than speaking it. b. Swimming is good sport. 2. as the object of verbs Example:
2. As the object of verbs Example: a. He admitted stealing the money. b. She advised waiting until tommorow. c. He avoided answering my question. d. He quits smoking
3. in short prohibition Example: A. No smoking B. No parkinng 4. after preposition a. We use this pot for brewing herb tae b. What can you do beside typing? c. After swimming, i felt cold d. He coached them in swimming
e. What about leaving it her and collecting it letar? f. Touch you toes without bending your knees.