Copyright (c) 2005

by John Wiley & Sons, Inc

ThermoNet
Thermodynamics: An Integrated Learning System
P.S. Schmidt, O.A. Ezekoye, J.R. Howell and D.K. Baker
Chapter 4
The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Steam power still reigns on
the Cumbres and Toltec
Scenic Railway in Colorado
and New Mexico.
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4. The First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
Energy Balance




= Energy transferred across system
boundary
E
CV
= Energy contained within system boundary
CV
IN OUT
dE
E E
dt
=
IN,OUT
E
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.1 Closed Systems
Mass Balance
dm
CV
/dt = 0
m
CV
= constant
Energy Balance
E
CM
= U + KE + PE
KE = m
CM
v
2
/2g
C
PE = m
CM
zg/g
C


( ) ( )
CM CM 2 CM 1 IN IN OUT OUT
E E (t ) - E (t ) Q W Q +W A = = +
system
boundary
Q
OUT

W
IN
or W
OUT

Q
IN

Mass does not cross system boundary
Energy crosses system boundary.
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2 Open (Control Volume) Systems
Denote with CV subscript (e.g., m
CV
)
Mass and energy cross system boundary
On the following slides,
Compare combustion in open and closed
systems
See a gas turbine that is analyzed as an
open system
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2 Open (Control Volume) Systems
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Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2 Open (Control Volume) Systems
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Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2.1 Conservation of Mass
Rate Basis


Time Interval



Useful Relations



= Volumetric flow rate [m
3
/s or ft
3
/s]
A
X
= cross-sectional flow area [m
2
or ft
2
]
CV
IN OUT
dm
m m =
dt

}
2
1
t
IN OUT CV 1 CV 2
t=t
[m (t)-m (t)] dt=m (t ) m (t )
X
A V
m
v v
= =
v
V
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2.2 Flow Work and Enthalpy
Mass crossing system boundary
Carries energy u + ke + pe per unit mass flow
Does flow work Pv per unit mass flow
Recall enthalpy, h = u + Pv
Total energy entering/leaving system due to mass
transfer is u + ke + pe + Pv = h + ke + pe per unit mass
flow.
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2.3 The First Law
( )
( )
( )
( )
IN IN IN,i i i i
CV
OUT OUT OUT,j j j
CV
IN OUT CV CV
IN,OUT
j
dE
E E where E m ke pe
dt
E Q W m ke pe
o
u
h
Q W m h ke pe
dE
Q W m h ke pe
dt
r ( + + + +

(
+ + +
= = + +
=
+ =

+ + + +

Change in energy for open system is sum of

Shaft work: Present if rotating shaft crosses boundary
Boundary (PdV) work: Present if dV
CV
/dt = 0
Heat Transfer
Energy transfer by mass transfer (u + ke + pe)
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
Steady-State (SS):


where ( )
CV
is any property
of the system (e.g., m or E)
( )
CV
d
0
dt
=
( )
IN,OUT
d
0
dt
=
.
.
. .
.
Steady-Flow (SF):



where ( )
CV
is any transfer across the system
boundary (e.g., Q, W or m)
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
Steady-State Steady-Flow (SSSF) = No changes
with time
Mass Balance





If 1 stream (i.e., 1-inlet and 1-outlet)
N M
CV
IN,i OUT,j
i 1 j 1
dm
m m
dt
= =
=

0, SS
N M
IN,i OUT,j
i 1 j 1
m m
= =
=

IN OUT
m m m = =
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
SSSF Energy Balance






If 1 stream (i.e., 1-inlet and 1-outlet) and dividing
by mass flow rate
( ) ( )
IN IN OUT OUT
IN OUT
q w h ke pe q w h ke pe + + + + = + + + +
CV
IN OUT
dE
E E
dt
=
( )
( )
0, SS
N
IN IN IN,i i i i
I
i 1
N
OUT OUT OUT,j
N O
j j j
U
j 1
T
Q W m h ke pe
Q W m h ke
E
pe
E
=
=

+ + + +

= + + + +

=
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.1 Nozzles and Diffusers
On next page, see a nozzle in a turbojet engine
A diffuser converts high
speed, low pressure
flow to low speed, high
pressure flow
A nozzle converts high
pressure, low speed
flow to low pressure,
high speed flow
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.1 Nozzles and Diffusers
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Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.1 Nozzles and Diffusers
Common Assumptions
SSSF
No work or heat transfer
Neglect changes in pe
Energy Balance: Crossing out terms assumed 0
IN
q
0
IN
w +
0
h ke pe + + +
( )
0
IN
OUT
q =
0
OUT
w +
0
h ke pe + + +
( )
( ) ( )
0
2 2
C C
IN OUT
OUT
IN OUT
h h
2
h ke h k
g 2g
e
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \
+
. .
= +
v v
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.2 Throttling
Throttling: Reduces Pressure
Common Assumptions:
SSSF
No work or heat transfer
Neglect changes in pe and ke
Energy Balance:
IN
q
0
IN
w +
0
h ke + +
0
pe +
( )
0
IN
OUT
q =
0
OUT
w +
0
h ke + +
0
pe +
( )
0
IN
OU
OUT
T
h h =
Throttling
Valve
Isenthalpic (h = constant) Process
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Pumps: Pressurize or
move liquids
Fans & Blowers: Move
air
OUT
OUT
OUT
m
T
P
IN
W
IN IN IN
m ,T ,P
Pump Schematic
Common Assumptions:
SSSF
No heat transfer
Neglect changes in pe and ke
Energy Balance for fan & blower

Energy Balance for pump (assuming ICL)
IN OUT IN
w h h =
( )
IN OUT IN
w v P P =
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.4 Turbines
Turbine: Enthalpy Shaft
work
Used in
Almost all power plants
Some propulsion systems (e.g.,
turbofan and turbojet engines)
Working Fluid:
Liquids (e.g., hydro power
plants)
Vapors (e.g., steam power plants)
Gases (e.g., gas power plants)
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.4 Turbines
Common assumptions for turbine:
SSSF
Adiabatic (q = 0)
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Turbine energy balance (Single Stream)
IN IN
Q W + m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
IN
Q
(
(

(

IN
E
OUT
W m h ke pe + + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

OUT
E
dE
dt
( )
0, SS
OUT IN OUT
OUT IN OUT
W m h h
Per unit mass flow w h h
=
=
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.4 Compressors
Compressor: Shaft work Increase pressure &
enthalpy of vapor or gas
Often like turbine run in reverse
Used in
Gas power plants (e.g., gas turbine engine)
Turbo propulsion systems (e.g., turbofan and turbojet
engines).
Industry (e.g., supply high pressure gas)
Working Fluids
Gas
Vapor
Not Liquid (pump used)
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.4 Compressors
Common assumptions for compressor:
SSSF
Adiabatic (q = 0)
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Compressor energy balance
IN
Q
IN
W m h ke pe + + + +
( )
OUT OUT
IN
Q W
(
(
+
(

IN
E
m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

OUT
E
dE
dt
( )
0, SS
IN OUT IN
IN OUT IN
W m h h
Per unit mass flow w h h
=
=
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.5 Heat Exchangers
Allows heat transfer from
one fluid to another without
mixing
Example: Car Radiator

Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.5 Heat Exchangers in Steam Power Plant
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Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.5 Heat Exchangers
Common Assumptions
SSSF
Externally adiabatic
Neglect kinetic and potential
energies
IN IN
Q W + m h ke pe + + +
( )
IN
OUT OUT
Q W
(
(
(

+

m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

dE
dt
( ) ( )
COLD OUT,COLD IN,COLD HOT IN,
0,S
HOT COLD,
S
HOT
m h h m h h =
Energy Balance
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.6 Mixing Devices
Combine 2 or more streams
Common in industrial processes
Common assumptions
SSSF
Adiabatic
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Energy Balance (Streams 1 & 2 mixing to form 3)
IN IN
Q W + m h ke pe + + +
( )
IN
OUT OUT
Q W
(
(
(

+

m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

dE
dt
1 1 2 2 3
0, S
3
S
m h m h m h + =
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3.6 Mixing Devices
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Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.4 Transient (Unsteady) Analysis
Typically open system not at steady state
Tank Filling
Tank Emptying

Mass Balance:


Energy Balance:
| |
2
1
t
IN OUT CV 2 CV 1
t
m - m dt m (t ) m (t ) =
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
t
IN OUT CV CV
t
2
IN,OUT
c c
2
CV
c c
E E dt E E
gz
E Q W m h
2g g
1 gz
E m u
2 g g
( =
}

| |
= + + + +
|
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
v
v
2 1
t t t t
t
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.4.1 Uniform State Uniform Flow (USUF)
Uniform State: All properties uniform across
system at any instant in time
Uniform Flow: All mass flow properties at each
inlet and outlet are uniform across the stream
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Mass Balance:
Energy Balance:
IN OUT 2 1
m m =m(t ) m(t )
| |
2
1
t
IN IN IN IN OUT OUT OUT OUT
t t
2 2
CV 2 CV 1
c c c c
CV,2 CV,1
Q W m h - Q W m (t)(h (t)dt
gz gz
E (t ) E (t )= m u m u
2g g 2g g
=
(
+ + + +
(

( (
| | | |
= + + + +
( ( | |
\ . \ .

}
v v
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.4.2 Tank Filling
Simplest USUF analysis:
No outlet flow
Assume adiabatic
Mass Balance:
Energy Balance:

+
IN IN
Q W
=
(
(
+ + +

(

}
2
1
t
IN IN OUT OUT OUT OUT
t t
m h - Q W m (t)(h (t)dt
+ +
2
c c
gz
= m u
2g g
v
(
| |
+ + ( |
|
(
\ .

2
c c
CV,2
gz
m u
2g g
v
( ) ( )

(
| |
( |
|

=
(
\ .

CV,
IN IN
CV,2 CV,
1
1
m h mu mu
IN 2 1
m =m m