Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

MAHATAMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT.
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The law was initially called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) but was renamed on 2 October 2009.
Logo of NREGA
What is NREGA???
This act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily semi or un-skilled work to people living in rural India, whether or not they are below the poverty line.
PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISOR
MGNREGA
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is an Indian job guarantee scheme, enacted by legislation on August 25, 2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage of 120 (US$2.27) per day in 2009 prices.
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Political Background
This act was brought about by the UPA coalition government supported by the left parties.
Dr. Jean Drze, a Belgian born economist, at the Delhi School of Economics, has been a major influence on this project. A variety of people's movements and organizations actively campaigned for this act.
A d u l t m e m b e r s o f a r u r a l h o u s
Provisions under NREGA
The Gram Panchayat after due verification will
issue a Job Card. The Job Card will bear the photograph of all adult members of the household willing to work under NREGA and is free of cost.
The Job Card should be issued within 15 days of application.
A Job Card holder may submit a written application for employment to the Gram Panchayat, stating the time and duration for which work is sought. The minimum days of employment have to be at least fourteen.
The Gram Panchayat will issue a dated receipt of the written application for employment, against which the guarantee of providing employment within 15 days operates Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work, if it is not then daily unemployment allowance as per the Act, has to be paid liability of payment of unemployment allowance is of the States.
Work should ordinarily be provided within 5 km radius of the village. In case work is provided beyond 5 km, extra wages of 10% are payable to meet additional transportation and living expenses
Wages are to be paid according to the Minimum Wages Act 1948 for agricultural labourers in the State, unless the Centre notices a wage rate which will not be less than 60 (US$1.13) per day. Equal wages will be provided to both men and women.
Wages are to be paid according to piece rate or daily rate. Disbursement of wages has to be done on weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight in any case. At least one-third beneficiaries shall be women who have registered and requested work under the scheme.
Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive implementation process
Mandatory worksite facilities
Drinking water
Shade
Medical aid
Creche if more than five children below age 6 are present
Note: These facilities are to be provided by the implementing agency.

Employment Guarantee Scheme
Each State has to launch an employment guarantee scheme within six months of the Act coming into force.
EGS: Basic Implementation Principles

1.
Block is the basic unit of implementation.
1.
In each Block, a Programme Officer is to coordinate the implementation of EGS
1.
Gram Panchayats are the main implementing agencies.
1.
Accountability to Gram Sabhas.
EGS: Implementing agencies

q q q q
Gram Panchayats (half of EGS works) Other Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) Line departments (PWD, Forest Dept.) NGOs. Note: Private contractors are banned.
18
EGS: Permissible works

v
Minor irrigation Water conservation, drought proofing, control, etc. Land development Rural roads Any other work which may be notified by the Central Government in consultation with the State Government desilting of tanks, flood
19
EGS is a demand driven programme Employment to be provided on

demand, within 15 days. Programme Officer sanctions projects to ensure that all applicants get work. Programme Officer to arrange payment of unemployment allowance to those who dont get work.
20
EGS: Wage-material ratio
Wage-material ratio should not be less than 60:40
Wages of skilled and semi-skilled labourers to be included in material costs
21
EGS: Cost sharing
Central Government to pay for:
wage costs, 75% of material costs, and some administrative costs. 25% of material costs other administrative costs, unemployment allowance.
22
State governments to pay for:
TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Hamara Paisa, Hamara Hisaab!
All NREGA-related documents to be available for public scrutiny.
Copies of documents to be made available at nominal cost.
Muster rolls to be pro-actively displayed at Panchayat Bhawan.
Documents can also be obtained under the Right to Information Act.

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HISTORY
MNREGA was launched on February 2, 2006 from Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh and initially covered 200 "poorest districts of the country.
The Act was implemented in phased manner 130 districts were added in 200708.
With its spread over 625 districts across the country, the flagship program of the UPA Government has the potential to increase the purchasing power of rural poor, reduce distress migration and to create useful assets in rural India.
Also, it can foster social and gender equality as 23% workers under the scheme are Scheduled Castes, 17% Scheduled Tribes and 50% women.
In 201011, 41 million households were employed on NREGA worksites.
CRITICISM:v
At national level, a key criticism is corruption. Workers hired under the MGNREGA program say they are frequently not paid in full or forced to pay bribes to get jobs, and aren't learning any new skills that could improve their long-term prospects and break the cycle of poverty.
There are also claims of fictitious laborers and job cards by corrupt officials causing so called leakage in program spending.
Another important criticism is the poor quality of public works schemes' completed product. In a February 2012 interview, Jairam Ramesh, the Minister of Rural Development for the central government of India, admitted that the roads and irrigation canals built by unskilled labor under this program are of very poor quality and wash away with any significant rains.
Yet another criticism is the unintended effect of MGNREGA in terms of skill growth. A review published by India in September 2011 conceded that the lack of skilled technicians at almost every site under MGNREGA program, along with rules banning the use of machinery or contractors (labor is usually by shovel). Such bureaucratic regulations mean that the laborers learn no new skill, and that the ponds, roads, drains, dams and other assets built with manual labor are often of wretched quality. The idea behind MGNREGA program is to create as many jobs as possible for unskilled workers. But in practice, say critics, it means no one learns new skills, only basic projects get completed and the poor stay poor dependent on government checks. "We work because there's high unemployment here and the land is less fertile." But he questioned the point, saying "There's no meaning to it. Instead of this they should build proper roads." Abdul Jameel Khan, a farmer employed by India's MGNREGA entitlement program quoted in a 2011
NREGA : Overview
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Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

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MAHATAMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT.

PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISOR

PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISOR

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Provisions under NREGA

The Gram Panchayat after due verification will

The Job Card should be issued within 15 days of application.

Mandatory worksite facilities

Creche if more than five children below age 6 are present

Note: These facilities are to be provided by the implementing agency.

Employment Guarantee Scheme

EGS: Basic Implementation Principles

Block is the basic unit of implementation.

In each Block, a Programme Officer is to coordinate the implementation of EGS

Gram Panchayats are the main implementing agencies.

Accountability to Gram Sabhas.

EGS: Implementing agencies

EGS: Permissible works

EGS is a demand driven programme Employment to be provided on

EGS: Wage-material ratio

Wage-material ratio should not be less than 60:40

Wages of skilled and semi-skilled labourers to be included in material costs

EGS: Cost sharing

Central Government to pay for:

State governments to pay for:

TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Hamara Paisa, Hamara Hisaab!

All NREGA-related documents to be available for public scrutiny.

Copies of documents to be made available at nominal cost.

Muster rolls to be pro-actively displayed at Panchayat Bhawan.

Documents can also be obtained under the Right to Information Act.

In 201011, 41 million households were employed on NREGA worksites.

PUBLIC SAFETY ADVISOR

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