FADINGS

signal level (dB) log normal fading local mean value slow fading shadowing long-term fading rayleigh fading fast fading short-term fading so many names to make life worst!

global mean value

log (distance)

FAST FADING
signal level (dB)

present due to the fact that the mobile antenna is lower than the surrounding structures such as trees and buildings. peak-to-peak distance is ~ lambda/2 (in GSM ~ 17 cm) affects the signal quality and can lead to signal level below the receiver sensitivity. SOLUTIONS: use more power at the transmitter (providing a fading margin). use space diversity.

log (distance)

SLOW FADING
signal level (dB)

if we smooth out the fast fading, the signal variation received is called the local mean or the slow fading. caused by obstructions near the mobile such as buildings, bridges and trees and this may cause a rapid change of the local mean (in the range of 5 to 50 meters). because slow fading reduces the average strength received, the total coverage from the transmitter is reduced. SOLUTION: fading margin must be used.

log (distance)

INTERFERENCE co-channel interference adjacent channel interference

Co-channel interference is the term used for the interference in a cell by carriers with the same frequency present in other cells. Adjacent carrier frequencies, i.e. frequencies shifted +/- 200 kHz with respect to the carrier, can not be allowed to have too strong signal strengths either. Even though they are at different frequencies, part of the signal can interfere with the wanted carriers signal and cause quality problems. wanted carrier adjacent carrier

f1

co-channel

f1

CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
dB Carrier, f1 C I Interferer, f1

C/I > 0 dB C

I GSM Specification: C/I => 9 dB Ericsson Planning Criterion: C/I => 12 dB (without frequency hopping) C/I => 9 dB (with frequency hopping) distance

ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

dB Carrier, f1 C A Adjacent, f2 f2=f1 +/- 200 kHz

C/A< 0 dB A

C GSM Specification: C/A > -9 dB since we could not cell plan a negative value Ericsson Planning Criterion: C/A > 3 dB distance

ISI

InterSymbol Interference caused by excessive time dispersion. it may be present in all cell re-use pattern. it can be thought of as a co-channel interference. in this case, the interferer is a time delayed reflection of the wanted carrier. GSM specification: C/R > 9 dB however, if the time delay is smaller than 15 microseconds, i.e. 4 bits or approximately 4.4 km, the equalizer can solve the problem. D2 D1

D0

H TRAFFIC THEORY H
Traffic and Channel Dimensioning
Traffic theory attempts to obtain useful estimates of the number of channels needed in a cell... = HOW MANY CUSTOMERS? = HOW LONG WILL THEY TALK? = WHEN?

FACTORS AFFECTING THE CELLULAR SYSTEM CAPACITY: The number of channels available for voice and/or data. The amount of traffic the subscribers are generating. The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system

 The number of channels available for voice and/or data.

Assume 1 cell has 2 carriers: 2 x 8 - 2 = 14 14 traffic channels 2 physical channels are needed for signalling

 The amount of traffic the subscribers are generating.

What is traffic? the usage of channels holding time per time unit the number of call hours per hour measured in the unit Erlang (E)

 The amount of traffic the subscribers are generating.

1 Erlang = 1 call that last 1 hour! ...studies show that the average traffic per subscriber during the busy hour is typically 15 - 20 mE...
Typical actual values: Philippines (Smart E-TACS) 7 mE/subscriber - Metro Manila 8 mE/subscriber - Provincial Malaysia and Sweden 25 mE/subscriber

 The amount of traffic the subscribers are generating.

visualize 15 mE !
1E = 1 hour of use 15 mE = ? hour of use 15 mE / 1 E = 0.015 ~ 1.5% of 60 min = 0.9 min x 60 sec 15 mE = 54 seconds of use

 The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system.

How much traffic can one cell carry?

That depends on the number of traffic channels and the acceptable probability that the system is congested, the so called Grade of Service (GoS)...

 The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system.

Grade of Service is the Grade of NO SERVICE !

- unsuccessful call set-up - GoS = 2% means 98% can make a call 2% blocking probability

 The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system.

Erlangs B-Model - loss system

no queues number of subscribers much higher than number of traffic channels no dedicated (reserved) traffic channels Poisson distributed (random) traffic blocked calls abandon the callattempt immediately Alien !!!

 The grade of service the subscribers are encountering in the system.

Erlangs B-Model relates: number of traffic channels, n the GoS the traffic offered, A
Example: 2 carriers 14 TCH GoS = 2% from the Erlang Table... Traffic Offered, A = 8.2003 Erlangs

In GSM, a call goes through two different devices.

SDCCH procedures: location updating periodic registration IMSI attach IMSI detach call setup SMS (Short Message Services) facsimile other supplementary services

TCH & SDCCH

SDCCH

TCH

Ericsson Rule on GoS Dimensioning: GoSSDCCH <= (1/4) GoSTCH GoSSDCCH <= (1/2) GoSTCH if 8SDCCH/8 if 4SDCCH/4

8SDCCH/8

4SDCCH/4

BCCH

TS2 SDCCH

6TCH

BCCH SDCCH

7 TCH

CHANNEL UTILIZATION (EFFICIENCY)

VS

CHANNEL UTILIZATION (EFFICIENCY)

To calculate the channel utilization, the traffic offered is reduced by the GoS (yielding the traffic served), and dividing that value by the number of channels.

Traffic Offered - GoS (Traffic Offered) Channel Utilization = Number of Channels

VS

H SITE EQUIPMENT H

BSC

BTS site equipment Base Station System (BSS)

The BSS consists of a Base Station Controller (BSC) with a number of base stations connected to it. The BSS is mainly responsible for all radio related functions in the system. In the GSM specifications, the detonation BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is used for the base station.

SITE REQUIREMENTS
Permits Access Roads Material Transport and Storage Space Requirements Antenna Support Structures AC Mains Supply Transmission Access Antenna Feeder Routes

RBS EQUIPMENT Ericsson Nokia Nortel Lucent Motorola Alcatel

COMBINERS
Combiners are needed to enable more than one transmitter to be connected to one common transmitting antenna. In GSM, two different TX combiners can be used FILTER COMBINER HYBRID COMBINER

transmitter 1
transmitter 2 transmitter 3 transmitter n

combiner

SENSITIVITY
Base Station Without ALNA RX ref point 2 With ALNA RX ref point 1 ALNA Worst Case Sensitivity - 105 dBm - 107 dBm - 104 dBm

BTS
cabinet System GSM900 GSM1800 with ALNA GSM1800 w/o ALNA Feeder & Jumpers Cell Planning Sensitivity - 107 dBm - 109 dBm - 106 dBm

Base station receiver sensitivity

Valid for both Ericssons RBS2000 and RBS200/205

Micro Base Station: Cell Planning Power = 1.6W, 32 dBm Worst Case Sensitivity = - 104 dBm

SENSITIVITY
Mobile Station Power Classes System MS Power Class 2 3 4 (handheld) 5 (handheld) 1 2 Cell Planning Power 39 dBm (8W) 37 dBm (5W) 33 dBm (2W) 29 dBm (0.8W) 30 dBm (1W) 24 dBm (0.25W) Worst Case Power 37 dBm 35 dBm 31 dBm 27 dBm 28 dBm 22 dBm

GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM1800 GSM1800

Mobile Station Reference Sensitivity System MS Type Cell Planning Sensitivity - 104 dBm - 106 dBm - 102 dBm Worst Case Sensitivity - 102 dBm - 104 dBm - 100 dBm

GSM900 GSM900 GSM1800

Handheld All other types Handheld

No loss or antenna gain should be used for the MSs. MS antenna gain: 0 dBi

ANTENNAS
Basic Antenna Types Omnidirectional Antennas Unidirectional Antennas Special Antennas Multi Antenna Systems

Diversity Space Diversity Polarization Diversity

Antenna Tilt

DIVERSITY
There is a need for receiver diversity in cellular systems to improve the uplink.

Space Diversity
dd
Common TX/RX Antenna

Horizontal Separation, dd for diversity = 12-18 (wavelength) for isolation = 30 dB = 2 (wavelength) [antennas with 65 degrees beamwidth, all gain values]

TX1/RXA TX1/RXA
BTS Equipment

DIVERSITY
There is a need for receiver diversity in cellular systems to improve the uplink.

Polarization Diversity using dual-polarized antennas

vertical array horizontal array +45 degrees antenna housing - 45 degrees

connectors feeders

vertical + horizontal polarization

+/- 45 degrees polarization

DIVERSITY
There is a need for receiver diversity in cellular systems to improve the uplink.

Polarization Diversity using dual-polarized antennas

Required isolation >30 dB between the two antenna parts...

1.5 dB downlink loss

TX1/RXA TX1/RXA

DIVERSITY
There is a need for receiver diversity in cellular systems to improve the uplink.

SPACE DIVERSITY VS POLARIZATION DIVERSITY

ANTENNA TILT

When the antenna is mounted vertically, the main lobe of the antenna radiation pattern will follow a horizontal line starting at the centerpoint of the antenna.

ANTENNA TILT

For reasons, such as co-channel interference and time dispersion problems, it can be interesting to tilt the antenna, and let the main lobe point a few degrees downward.

H
System Growth

NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Traffic and Coverage Analysis

Initial Planning

TRAFFIC DATA

System Tuning

Nominal Cell Plan

Implementation System Design

Surveys

cell data base station locations channel allocations

Based on ERICSSON