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Профессиональный Документы
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Agenda
Thin Ethernet
Less expensive and required less space than thick Ethernet Still difficult to pull through buildings Adding users required network interruptions
Hub
Ethernet concentrator Self-contained Ethernet LAN in a box Passive Works at physical layer 1
CRASH
Hub
I could have walked to Finance by now. I knew I should have stayed home. File transfers take forever.
Broadcast
Multicast
Apple TCP/IP
1000
3000
Broadcasts/Second
Hub-Based LANs
Shared resources Desktop connections wired to centralized closets Poor security within shared segments Routers provide scalability Adds, moves, and changes are easier than without hubs, but still a hassle Groups of users determined by physical location
10BaseT Hub
10BaseT Hub
Bridges
More intelligent than a hub Eavesdrop on conversations to learn and maintain address tables Collect and pass packets between two network segments Control traffic to the network
123 126
124
Bridge
127
Hub
125
Hub
128
Segment 1
Corporate Intranet
Segment 2
SwitchesLayer 2
Switched Ethernet
10
Ethernet Switch
Backbone
Ethernet Switch
Backbone
Switched Ethernet
10
SLOW SLOW
Mbps
Desktop Video
Servers are gradually moving into a central area (data center) versus being located throughout the company to:
More centralized servers increase the bandwidth demands on campus and workgroup backbones
Todays LANs
Mostly switched resources; few shared Routers provide scalability Groups of users determined by physical location
10/100 Switch
10-Mbps Hub
10/100 Switch
10 Mbps
C
3 2 1 10 Mbps 4
Data from A to B
B
Interface 1 Stations 2 3 4
10 Mbps
C
3 2 1 10 Mbps 4
B
Interface 1 Stations A 2 3 X 4
10 Mbps
C
3
1
Data from AMbps 10 to B
Data from A to B
Interface 1 Stations A 2 3 X 4
10 Mbps
Stations
Sends out all ports when destination address is broadcast, multicast, or unknown address Forwards when destination is located on different interface
Data from B to A
C
3 2 1 10 Mbps 4
Interface 1 A B 2 3 X X 4
10 Mbps
C
3 2 1 10 Mbps 4
Data from B to A
B
Interface 1 Stations A B 2 3 X X 4
Full Duplex
10 or 100 Mbps 10 or 100 Mbps
Switch
Station B
Multicasting
Emerging applications require increased bandwidth
E-mail, file transfers, and file sharing are easy to handle Emerging applications are bandwidth hungry Multipoint communications are required
Simultaneous communication between groups of computers
Multipoint Communications
Broadcast
Applications address each packet to a single broadcast address
Multicast
Applications address each packet to a group of receivers Network forwards the packets to only the networks that need to receive them
Multicast
Problem: How to prevent multicasting flooding? Multicast Routing Protocols IGMP
WAN
2
Video Servers Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Multicast routing protocols Switches typically flood all ports with multicast traffic
End-to-End Multicast
Multicast Routing Protocols IGMP
Wire-Speed Multicast
WAN
CGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Multicast routing protocols Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)
End-to-End Multicast
Multicast Routing Protocols IGMP
Wire-Speed Multicast
WAN
CGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Multicast routing protocols Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)
0.8
Number of Clients
Summary
Switches provide dedicated access Switches eliminate collisions and increase capacity Switches support multiple conversations at the same time Switches provide intelligence for multicasting
Virtual Private Networks extend the classic WAN VPNs leverage the classic WAN infrastructure, including Ciscos family of VPN-enabled routers and policy management tools VPNs provide connectivity on a shared infrastructure with the same policies and performance as a private network with lower total cost of ownership