INTRODUCTION

BLOOD CIRCULATION
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD The flow of blood in blood vessels, like the flow in liquids in narrow rigid tubes, is normally laminar (streamline). Within the blood vessel, an infinitely thin layer of blood in contact with the wall of the vessels does not move. The next layer within the vessel has a small velocity, the next a higher velocity, and so forth, velocity greatest in the center of the stream. Laminar flow occurs at velocities up to a certain critical velocity. At or above this velocity flow is turbulent. Streamline flow is silent, but turbulent flow creates sound, frequently presenting in clinical practice as a bruit.

Blood is considered as a fluid. In simplest cases it supposed to be single-component, non-viscous, noncompressible while the most complicated models include chemical reactions between the components dissolved in blood. In any case, it should be mentioned that blood has very complicated rheological properties. It may be considered in terms of continuum media due to the certain conditions taken place in most parts of the circulatory system of the organism under the normal conditions BERNOULLIS EFFECT In the engineering sense, blood is not an ideal fluid. This is basically because blood is non-Newtonian fluid which represents pseudoplastic behaviour. Hence, Bernoulli cannot be used completely in human body since it usually refer to Newtonian fluid only. However, in a way Bernoullis insight is helpful. For instance, blood pressure is the summation of three components lateral pressure, kinetic energy (also known as the impact pressure or the pressure required to cause flow to stop), and gravitational forces. Kinetic energy is greatest in the ascending aorta where velocity is highest but even there it contributes less than 5 mm Hg of equivalent pressure. Total energy (TE) = potential energy + kinetic energy TE = (perpendicular pressure + gravitational pressure) + kinetic energy TE = (PPer + Pgrav) + 1/2 V2 where V is velocity and is blood density (approximately 1060 kg/m3) TE = PPer + ( h g) + 1/2 V2 where g is gravitational constant and h is height of fluid.

DARCY LAWS & HAGEN-POISEUILLES LAW For blood flow in the cardiovascular system, mathematically, is described by Darcy's law and approximately by Hagen-Poiseuille's law. Blood is an inhomogeneous medium consisting mainly of plasma and a suspension of red blood cells. Red cells tend to coagulate when the flow shear rates are low, while increasing shear rates break these formations apart, thus reducing blood viscosity. This result in two nonNewtonian blood properties, shear thinning and yield stress. In healthy large arteries blood can be successfully approximated as a homogeneous, Newtonian fluid since the vessel size is much greater than the size of particles and shear rates are sufficiently high that particle interactions may have a negligible effect on the flow. In smaller vessels, however, non-Newtonian blood behavior should be taken into account. The flow in healthy vessels is generally laminar; however in diseased arteries the flow may be transitional or turbulent. Equations for: Darcys Law Hagen-Poiseuilles Law

POWER LAW FOR NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID Blood which give pseudoplastic behaviour can be considered as a non-Newtonian power law model of the form: = shear stress K = flow consistancy index n = non Newtonian behaviour index (dimensionless) du/dr: = shear rate or velocity gradient

= K (du/dr)n

F = P R

R = L 8 ( 4 )( ) r

F = blood flow L = length of tube P = pressure R = resistance = fluid viscosity r = radius of tube It is important to note that resistance to flow changes dramatically with respect to the radius of the tube. In angioplasty, as it enables to increase of blood flow with balloon catheter to the deprived organ significantly with only a small increase in radius of a vessel. ECH 3103 Prepared by: Nur Shazlinda Binti Zaini (141273) Siti Atiqah Hanim Binti Ramli (141776) Siti Fatimah Binti Ibrahim (142444) References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow#column-one Basic of Hemodynamic; James E. Faber; Chapter 1 Hemodynamic Physical Principle; Jim Baun; Chapter12

Dr. Siti Aslina Hussain