Ingestion Exposure

G. Armecin

Learning Objectives
Learn the basic physiology of the gastrointestinal tract
Transport mechanisms

Describe the various pathways of ingestion exposures and selected contaminants

Dietary ingestion water and food Non-dietary ingestion

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

What are the parts of the GI tract? What are the phases of regulation of GI tract? How does the GI tract absorbed nutrients and other materials?

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

Epithelial Layer: Respiratory tract

Epithelial Layer: Skin

Epithelial Layer: GI tract

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

Lumen Epithelium of small intestine

Gastrointestinal Tract: Physiology

Goblet cell Lacteal Vein Epithelial cell Capillaries Lamina propria Nerve

Artery

Villi of the Small Intestine

Transport Mechanisms

Active transport

Passive transport

Lets watch this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hdaAH0&feature=related

Water and Food Ingestion

Humans ingest between 0.9-2.1 L of water and within 0.5-1.25 kg of food per day
USEPA (1997) suggests using 2 L/day and 1 kg/day when modeling human exposure to drinking water and food intake, respectively Can you identify contaminants that we can be exposed through water and/or food ingestion?

Contaminants in Water and Food

Biological Contaminants
Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites, Protozoans Pesticides
Organosphosphates Atrazine

Chemical Contaminants

Metals
Calcium chloride Lead Arsenic Mercury Cadmium Copper
Trihalomethanes (THM), Trichloroethance (TCE) and Tetrachloroethylene (PERC)

VOCs

Organic compounds
PCBs, PCDEs, Phthalates

Health Effects of Dietary Contaminants

Contaminant
Bacteria
Protozoa Parasite Virus

Health Effects
Vibrio cholerae (cholera), E. coli (diarrhea)
Entamoeba hystolytica (diarrhea) E. vermicularis ( insomnia, irritability) Coronavirus (cough, gastrointestinal symptoms)

Atrazine
Lead Arsenic Cadmium Mercury Selenium VOCs Phthalates

Reproductive effects, cancer

Cognitive development Anemia, leukopenia, death Kidney, bone and pulmonary damages Desquamation Endocrine disruption Liver and kidney diseases Endocrine disruption

Maximum Contaminant Limit (USEPA)

Contaminant
Atrazine Lead Arsenic Chloroform (THM) TCE PERC Metals in food+

MCL
3 ppb 15 ppb 10 ppb 100 ppb 200 ppb 5 ppb

Average Daily Dose*

< 0.05 g/kg body weight/day < 0.05 g/kg body weight/day < 0.03 g/kg body weight/day 3 g/kg body weight/day 6 g/kg body weight/day 0.2 g/kg body weight/day < 0.5 g/kg body weight/day

Note If concentration >1 ppb, monitoring program should be set up

* assuming 70 kg body weight, 2 L of water/day + assuming 70 kg body weight, 1 kg food intake/day

Non-dietary Ingestion
The types of non-dietary ingestion are hand-to-mouth, soil ingestion, inhalation followed by clearance and swallowing and inadvertent ingestion.
Children are the most at-risk of non-dietary ingestion because of their pica behavior. In the literature, other high risk groups from inadvertent ingestion of chemicals are workers in industrial plants.