IPv6 Addressing

Yashvant Singh Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management

IPV6 ADDRESSING

IPv6 Addressing

Topics Covered

Necessity for IPv6 Addresses IPv6 address space IPv6 address syntax Types of IPv6 addresses IPv6 interface identifiers IPv6 address assignment

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Necessity for Ipv6 Addresses

32-bit addressing structure of IPv4 provides only 4,294,967,296

IP numbers Active address are still very much less In order to use this address space more efficiently, technologies such as CIDR,DHCP, Pvt IP , NAT etc. were developed These interim solutions helped only to postpone exhaustion of IPv4 address space. Exponential growth of Internet, Wireless Subscribers and deployment of NGN Technology etc. demand still a large amount of address space
IPv6 is meticulously designed to correct some problems of IPv4

and to provide various enhancements with respect to security, routing addresses, auto configuration, mobility and Quality of Service (QoS) etc.

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IPv6 deployment
The existing pool of IPv4 addresses is already

exhausted All service providers and other stakeholders will gradually transit to IPv6 in a phased manner The co-existence of IPv4 & Ipv6 will be there for some more years to come There are 2 operating situations
a) IPv6 nodes have to communicate with IPv4 nodes.

This problem is solved using Dual Stack technique. b) Isolated islands of IPv6 will have to communicate with each other using the widely available IPv4 networks. This problem is solved using Tunneling technique.

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IPV6 FEATURES

Large address space IPV6 has 128 bits Address (2128 =3.4 * 1038) Abundant to cater for the needs of world population 5 * 1028 IPv6 addresses for each of us Simplified packet header Stateless and Stateful address configuration IPSec Header support required Better support for prioritized delivery New protocol for neighboring node interaction Extensibility The IPv6 header is optimized for 32- and 64-bit processors

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IPv6 Address Syntax

IPv6 address in binary form
0010000000000001000011011011100000000000000000000010111100111011 0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010

Divided along 16-bit boundaries

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000 0010111100111011

0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010

Each 16-bit block is converted to

hexadecimal and delimited with colons

2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A

Suppress leading zeros within each block

2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A

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Compressing Zeros
A single contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks set to 0 can be compressed to :: (double-colon)

Example: FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 becomes FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 becomes FF02::2

Cannot use zero compression to include part of a 16-bit block FF02:30:0:0:0:0:0:5 does not become FF02:3::5, but FF02:30::5

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Types of IPv6 Addresses

Unicast
Address of a single interface

Delivery to single interface

Multicast
Address of a set of interfaces

Delivery to all interfaces in the set

Anycast
Address of a set of interfaces

Delivery to a single interface in the set

No more broadcast addresses

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Global Routing Prefixes

Allocation Hex Prefix Unassigned 0::/8 Reserved 200::/7 Global Unicast 2000::/3 Link local Unicast FE80::/10 Reserved FEC0::/10
Local IPv6 Multicast FC00::/7 FF00::/8
Private administration FD00::/8

Fraction of address 1/256 1/128 1/8 1/1024 1/1024

1/128
1/256

1/256

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GLOBAL ADDRESSES ALLOCATION

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is currently assigning addresses that start with the binary value 001, which is 2000::/3, for IPv6 global unicast addresses This is one-eighth of the total IPv6 address space. The IANA is currently allocating address space in the 2001::/16 ranges to the registries Registries allocate /32 ranges to ISPs and ISPs allocate /48 range to user organization

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IANA and International Registries

ARIN (American Registry for Internet Number)

for north America and SubSaharan Africa RIPE-NCC (Reseau IP Europeens Network Coordination Center) for Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Certer) LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean NIC) AFRINIC (African NIC) to cover Africa

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Unicast IPv6 Addresses

Global addresses Local-use addresses
Link-local addresses

Site-local addresses

Unique local addresses Special addresses

Compatibility addresses

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Address Allocations
2000::/3 2001:0::/32 2001:DB8::/32 2002::/16 Global Unicast address space Teredo Nonroutable 6 to 4

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Global Addresses
Address scope is the entire IPv6 Internet
Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses

Structure
Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID

Interface ID

45 bits

16 bits

64 bits

001

Global Routing Prefix

Subnet ID

Interface ID

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IPv6 Interface Identifiers (1)

Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 address
Either assigned to a network adapter card or derived from IEEE 802 (MAC) addresses Default for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003

Randomly generated value

Randomly generated value that changes over time - Temporary addresses Mitigates address scanning on a subnet Default for Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008

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IPv6 Interface Identifiers (2)

A value assigned by a stateful address configuration protocol such as DHCPv6 A value assigned during the establishment of a Point-to-Point Protocol connection A manually configured value

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INTERFACE IDENTIFIERS

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EUI-64 Interface ID Example

Host A has the MAC address of 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C 1. Convert MAC address to EUI-64 format 00-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C 2. Complement the U/L bit (seventh bit of first byte) The first byte in binary form is 00000000. When the seventh bit is complemented, it becomes 00000010 (0x02). 02-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C 3. Convert to colon hexadecimal notation ::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C

Link-local address for node with the MAC address of 00-AA-00-3F2A-1C is FE80::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C

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Temporary Address Interface Identifiers

Random IPv6 interface identifier
Mitigates address scanning on a subnet Initial value based on random number Future values based on MD5 hash of history value and EUI-64-based interface identifier

Result is a temporary address which Changes over time (lower of the following)
Lifetime in Prefix Information option in Router Advertisement message Local default value of 1 week for valid lifetime and 1 day for preferred lifetime

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Link-Local Addresses
Address scope is a single link

Equivalent to APIPA IPv4 addresses FE80::/64 prefix - used for: Single subnet, routerless configurations Neighbor Discovery processes

10 bits

54 bits

64 bits

1111 1110 10

000 . . . 000

Interface ID

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IPV6 LINK-LOCAL UNICAST ADDRESSES

Link-local unicast addresses allow devices on the same local network to communicate, without requiring them to have global unicast addresses Link-local addresses are used by routing and discovery protocols and are auto-configured using the FE80::/10 prefix and the EUI-64 format interface ID For example, on an interface with the MAC address 00-0F-66-81-19-A3, the link-local address would be FF80::020F:66FF:FE81:19A3.

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Site-Local Addresses
Address scope is a single site
Equivalent to private IPv4 addresses

FEC0::/10 prefix Used for intranets that are not connected to the

IPv6 Internet
Deprecated in RFC 3879 but supported for

current implementations
10 bits 54 bits 64 bits

1111 1110 11

Subnet ID

Interface ID

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Unique Local Addresses

Private to an organization, yet unique across all

of the sites of the organization FC00::/8 prefix Replacement for site-local addresses Global scope, no zone ID required

7 bits

40 bits

16 bits

64 bits

1111 110

Global ID

Subnet ID

Interface ID

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Special IPv6 Addresses

Unspecified Address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::

Loopback Address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1

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Compatibility Addresses
IPv4-compatible address 0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z or ::w.x.y.z

IPv4-mapped address 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z or ::FFFF:w.x.y.z

6to4 address 2002:WWXX:YYZZ:Subnet ID:Interface ID ISATAP address 64-bit prefix:0:5EFE:w.x.y.z (Private IPv4) or 64-bit prefix:200:5EFE:w.x.y.z (Public IPv4) Teredo address (prefix 2001::/32)
Teredo Prefix Server V4 add Flags (specify add Port (mapped UDP Client V4 add port of client) 16 32 32 & NAT type) 16 32

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Multicast IPv6 Addresses

Flags Scope Defined multicast addresses
FF02::1 (Link-local scope all-nodes address) FF02::2 (Link-local scope all-routers address)
8 bits 4 bits 4 bits 112 bits

1111 1111 Flags Scope

Group ID

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FLAG IN MULTICAST ADDRESSES

Flag bits are 0RPT

R bit is set to 1 if the multicast rendezvous point (RP) address is embedded in the multicast address
P bit is set to 1 if the multicast address is assigned based on the unicast prefix

T bit is set to 0 if the address is well known or to 1 if the address is temporary

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SCOPE IN MULTICAST ADDRESSES

Value 1 Scope

Interface-local scope

2
4 5 8 E

Link-local scope
Admin-local scope Site-local scope Organization-local scope Global scope

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IPV6 MULTICAST ADDRESSES

All devices should recognize and respond to the all-nodes multicast addresses FF01::1 is interface-local FF02::1 is link-local Routers should also recognize and respond to the allrouters multicast addresses FF01::2 is an interface-local address. FF02::2 is a link-local address. FF05::2 is a site-local address Routers will also join other groups to support routing protocols For example, OSPF version 3 (OSPFv3) uses FF02::5 and FF02::6 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) new generation (RIPng) uses FF02::9.

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Solicited-Node Address
64 bits 64 bits

Unicast prefix

Interface ID
24 bits

FF02:

0:0:0:0

:1:FF

Used for address resolution Example

For FE80::2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A, the corresponding solicited-node address is FF02::1:FF28:9C5A

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Mapping IPv6 Multicast Addresses to Ethernet Addresses

IPv6 Multicast Address

16

24

32

FF...:

Ethernet Multicast Address

33-33-

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Anycast IPv6 Addresses

Not associated with any prefix Summary and host routes are used to locate nearest anycast group member
Subnet router anycast address (rfc 4291)

Subnet Prefix (n bits)

000 . . . 000 (128-n bits)

For anycast address that require a 64 bit interface identifier in EUI-64 format

Subnet Prefix (64 bits)

000 . . . 000 (57 bits)

Anycast ID (7 bits)

For all other anycast address type

Subnet Prefix (n bits)

000 . . . 000 (121-n bits) Anycast ID (7 bits)

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IPV6 ANYCAST ADDRESSES

Anycast addresses are created by assigning the same unicast address to more than one device; there is no reserved address space for anycast. Nodes on which the address is assigned must be explicitly configured to use and know that the address is an anycast address

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IPV6 ANYCAST ADDRESSES

All routers must support the subnet-router anycast address for the subnets on which they have interfaces. The subnet-router anycast address is the unicast address of the subnet with the interface ID (the host bits) set to zero For example, a router with an IPv6 interface address 2001:0:1:5:20F:66FF:FE81:19A3 must support the anycast address 2001:0:1:5:: Packets sent to the subnet-router anycast address will be delivered to one router on the subnet.

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IPv6 Addresses for a Host

Unicast addresses
A link-local address for each interface Unicast addresses for each interface A loopback address (::1)

Multicast addresses
The interface-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1)
The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1) The solicited-node address for each unicast address

The multicast addresses of joined groups

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IPv6 Addresses for a Router

Unicast addresses
A link-local address for each interface Unicast addresses for each interface

Loopback address (::1)

Anycast addresses
Subnet-router anycast address

Additional anycast addresses (optional)

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IPv6 Addresses for a Router

Multicast addresses The interface-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF01::1) The interface-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF01::2) The link-local scope all-nodes multicast address (FF02::1) The link-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF02::2) The site-local scope all-routers multicast address (FF05::2) The solicited-node address for each unicast address The multicast addresses of joined groups

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IPv4 Addresses and IPv6 Equivalents

IPv4 Address
Internet address classes
Multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4) Broadcast addresses

IPv6 Address
N/A
IPv6 multicast addresses (FF00::/8) N/A

Unspecified address is 0.0.0.0

Loopback address is 127.0.0.1 Public IP addresses Private IP addresses APIPA addresses Dotted decimal notation Subnet mask or prefix length

Unspecified address is ::
Loopback address is ::1 Global unicast addresses Unique-local addresses (FD00::/7) Link-local addresses (FE80::/64) Colon hexadecimal format Prefix length notation only

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IPV6 ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT

IPv6 addresses may be manually assigned Dynamically assigned through DHCP version 6(DHCPv6)

Stateless auto-configuration
If an address is manually defined, take care to ensure it is unique

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STATELESS AUTO-CONFIGURATION
For stateless auto-configuration, each router advertises network information (either periodically or upon a request from a host), including the 64-bit prefix, on each of its links By listening for this advertisement, end-systems create a unique address by concatenating the prefix and the EUI-64 format interface ID This process is referred to as stateless autoconfiguration because no device tracks the state of particular addresses.

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STATELESS AUTO-CONFIGURATION

End-systems request network information using a router solicitation message, and routers reply with a router advertisement message. A process called duplicate address detection (DAD) detects and avoids duplicate addresses This same feature can be used to renumber a network by changing the network information on only the routers. When the routers advertise the new prefix information, the end-systems auto-configure themselves with the new network number.

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DHCPV6 AND STATELESS DHCPV6

The abilities to control which devices get addresses and track the address assignments for auditing purposes are important issues that can be accomplished using DHCPv6 Privacy is another reason that DHCPv6 could be a good idea Normally IPv6 addresses contain the MAC address, a unique ID that can be linked back to a specific system DHCPv6 could be used to break the link between the MAC address and the Layer 3 address Stateless DHCPv6 is a method between stateless autoconfiguration and stateful DHCPv6. Stateless DHCPv6 is also known as DHCP-lite and is defined in RFC 3736

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Default Address Selection

The preference to be given as follows:
Address pairs of same scope or type

Smaller scope for destination address

Preferred (Non-depricated) Transitional addresses not used if Native addresses available If all criteria are similar, address pairs with longest common prefix For Source address Global address preferred over temporary address In mobile IP home address preferred than care-of address

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Summary

Necessity for IPv6 Addresses IPv6 address space IPv6 address syntax Types of IPv6 addresses IPv6 interface identifiers IPv6 address assignment

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References
Books: IPv6 essentials by S. Hagen Deploying IPv6 networks by C. Pooviciu and E.L.Abegnoli URLs: 1)http://www.icann.org/

2)http://www.cisco.com/
3)http://en.wikipedia.org 4)www.ipv6.org/