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TOPICS
Relevant questions History of comparative PA What is CPA? Paradigms and CPA CPA as a professional practice CPA as a scientific endeavor The future of comparative PA
Relevant Questions
Why is comparisons important to the practice of PA? What is the ultimate goal of CPA? What is relevant to PA to compare? What is the current state of knowledge of CPA? What is the future of CPA?
History of CPA
Jreisat, using Ryans (1994) ideas, identifies three stage of CPA 1. Imperialist Missionary (Post WW II-1960s) 2. Anti-parochial, Antiethnocentric (19701980) 3. Interdependence (1980s-Present) Heady argues that CPA started as a field focusing of development administration The 1970s was a decade of retrenchment. Financial support dried out. Scholars begin reappraising the field. Shift from technical assistance to action-goal oriented practice
History of CPA
The emergence of CPA as a field is linked to the process of decolonization and the expansion of nation-states. CPA in its origins attempt to help develop the administrative practice of developing nations. CPA was a cold war strategy to contain communism. CPA as a field became almost irrelevant after financial support dried out because it could not established itself. CPA shifted from the development practice into academic debate Changes around the world (foreign debt, neoliberalism, etc.) offer a great opportunity for the revival/restoration of the field.
WHAT IS CPA?
CPA is the comparative study of institutions, process, and behaviors in many context. Context (or environment in comparative analysis generally refers to all external influences that affect management, such as societal values, norms, religion, political culture, and economy. Jreisat (2002: 1) [Public] Administration is concerned with means for the achievement of prescribed endsfound in political settings. Concerned primarily with the carrying out of public policy decisions made by the authoritative decisionmakers in the political system. (Heady 1991:2]
WHAT IS CPA?
INSTITUTIONS Branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) Bureaucracies Political Parties Military Civil Society PROCESSES Policy making Agenda setting Decision Making BEHAVIORS Self-interested behavior (rent-seeking, utility maximization) Socially motivated behavior
WHAT IS CPA?
POLITICAL SYSTEM Democratic regime Authoritarian regime CULTURE Traditional Modern ECONOMY Market driven Command/planned Mixed
POLITICS
CULTURE
WHAT IS CPA?
In sum CPA cannot be disentangle/separate from politics. Politics is a key intervening/overruling/prime variable. Thus, cross comparison of different political structure become essential to advance the knowledge and practice of PA. Are bureaucracies the same among political systems, operating under a capitalist political economy and a democratic system? Example: USA vs. Canada Do public administrators behavior vary under different political systems with the same level of development ? Example: India vs. China What role does PA play under different political economies (market vs. command)? Example: USA vs. former USSR