Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Platelets Neutrophil
Small Eosinophil
lymphocyte
Erythrocyte
Neutrophil
Young (band)
Large neutrophil
Lymphocyte Monocyte
Neutrophil
Basophil
Red Blood Cells
small,biconcave disks that lack a nucleus
when mature. 4 to 6 million red blood cells
per mm3 of whole blood.
Red blood cells transport oxygen, and
each contains about 200 million molecules
of hemoglobin, the respiratory pigment.
Make ATP by anaerobic metabolism
HEMOGLOBIN
lungs
Hb + O2 HbO2
tissues
HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin consists of four protein
chains.
Each chain is
conjugated with a
β α nonprotein moiety
called the heme
group, which binds
oxygen to a ferrous
α β ion
(Fe2) at its center
Hypoxemia RBC PRODUCTION AND
(inadequate O2 transport REGULATION
↓ proliferation
By external agents, physical
or chemical (e.g. ionizing
radiation, marrow toxins
Marrow
damage Hereditary or acquired
or defect aplastic anemia
Maturation
defect
Iron deficiency and the
anemia of chronic disease
Microcytic
Impaired globin chain
(hypochromic synthesis
(thalassemias)
Impaired porphyrin
synthesis
ANEMIA Membrane defects (e.g.
hereditary
Phagocytosis by spherocytosis)
reticuloendothelial
cells Heinz body associate
(e.g. G6PD deficiency)
Hemoglobin discorders
(e.g. sickle cell)
Accelerated Red cell
fragmentation DIC
Hemolysis
syndromes Vasculitis
syndromes
Sickle cell
Weakness Slowed
and physical Damage Damge Damage Brain Damage
lassitude development to heart to lungs to damage to abd Kidney
muscle muscles organs damage
Impaired and
mental joints
function
Heart pneumonia paralysis Kidney
Abd
Failure Rheumatism pain failure
DEATH
NURSING PROBLEMS
Impaired
gas Ineffective tissue
exchange perfusion
Dyspnea paralysis
Use of accessory Tissueinfarction
muscle Bone pain
Cyanosis
Hypoxia
restlessness
NURSING PROBLEMS
Acute/ Chronic pain • Delayed growth
Localized/ and development
generalized joint and/
-Altered physical
or abdominal/ back
pain
growth
Guarding -Delay and difficulty
Crying, restlessness performing skills
Facial grimacing
Sickle cell anemia as an
inflammatory disease
Orah S. Platt
Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Avenue, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Sickle cell anemia as an inflammatory
disease
Classical view---“primary genetic defect”:
abnormal Hgb
Holistic view---abnormal hgb interacts with,
damages, and stimulates the vascular
endothelium “irritant”
“. . .reperfusion injury plays a major role
in sickle pathophysiology. . .”
Sickle cell anemia as an inflammatory
disease
high
base-line leukocyte count
ongoing base-line chronic inflammation