IPv4 vs.

IPv6
Anne-Marie Ethier Andrei Iotici
"This report was prepared for Professor L. OrozcoBarbosa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course ELG/CEG 4183
March 12, 2002

Presentation Plan
Introduction Major Advantages to IPv6 Addresses Packet Headers Autoconfiguration Neighbor Discovery Security Difficult transition

Introduction
What is IP?

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all host-tohost data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the mechanism for the military to create integrated versus stovepiped communications.

History

IP Address Shortage
Proliferation of Internet devices:
405M mobile phones sold in 2000 1B+ by 2005

New emerging populations:

China, Korea, Japan, India, Russia

Solution = IPv6

Advantages to IPv6
Larger address space Reduce end-to-end delay Higher level of security Mobility No fragmentation Network autoconfiguration

Address Formats
IPv4

IPv6

32-bit

128 bits

Ex: 192.156.136.22

Ex: 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A
Or in compressed format: 1080::8:800:200C:417A

IPv4 Classes
0 1 8 netid 16 hostid 24 31

A B

netid

hostid

netid

hostid

IPv6 Address Types

Unicast
Global aggregatable Site local Link local IPv4 compatible

Global Site-local Link-local

Anycast Multicast No more broadcast!

Unicast Addresses
An address for a single interface

Global:
3 001 13 TLA ID 32 NLA ID 16 SLA ID Interface ID 64

TLA : Top-level aggregation NLA : Next-level aggregation SLA : Site-level aggregation The interface ID is based on the MAC address.

Anycast
An address for a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes.
96 bits 0 0.0.0.0.0.0.192.168.30.1 = ::192.168.30.1 = ::C0AB:1E01 ---??? 32 bits Ipv4 address

Multicast
An address for a set of interfaces (in a given scope) that typically belong to different nodes.

IPv4 Packet Header

The basic IPv4 packet header has 12 fields with a total size of 20 octets (160 bits).

IPv6 Packet Header

The basic IPv6 packet header has 8 fields with a total size of 40 octets (320 bits).

Neighbor Discovery
Replaces ARP, ICMP, etc. Used for

Router discovery Parameter/Prefix discovery Address resolution Address auto-configuration

Can provide the means to renumber home subnets by forwarding solicitations to other subnets.

Autoconfiguration
Used by Neighbour Discovery IPv6 no longer needs:
ARP RARP DHCP BOOTP

Stateless vs. Stateful

Security
Authentication Header (AH)

IPv6 datagrams not encrypted Keyed MD5 hashing algorithm proposed for standard authentication algorithm

Eliminates IP spoofing Eliminates Host Masquarading

Encapsulating Security Payload Header (ESP)

Provides data integrity and confidentiality DES CBC encryption algorithm as standard (2 Modes)

Tunnel Mode: Whole IP packet encrypted (including header) Transport Mode: Only payload encrypted

Difficult Transition
Some have already begun experimenting with IPv6 on the internet Dual IP layer IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling For timeline information of the transition efforts, browse
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ngtrans-charter.html

Questions
Q1- What is the main reason for the switch from IPv4 to IPv6? A1- IP address shortage Q2 - Name 2 IPv6 address types and describe the reasons why they are used. A2 Unicast: An address for a single interface. Anycast: An address for a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes. Assigning a unicast address to more than one interface makes a unicast address an anycast address Multicast: An IPv6 multicast address is an identifier for a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes. A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by the multicast address.

Questions(next)
Q3 - Identify 2 differences between the IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers. A3 IPv6 IPv4 - 320 bits -160 bits - 8 fields - 12 fields - Flow Label - Checksum Q4 - Explain the concept of "tunneling A4 - IPv6-over-IPv4 tunneling offers the possibility to encapsulate IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers in order to carry them over IPv4 routing infrastructures.

Questions(next)
Q5 - Name the two main aspects in Internet security and explain how their uses in IPv6. A5 - Authentication Header (AH): only provides authentication of the data packet and not encryption. This is useful as a standalone when confidentiality is not essential and only authentication is important.
Encapsulating Security Payload Header (ESP): provides data encryption.

Bibliography
TechTarget, (2000), Internet Protocol, Retrieved February 24th, 2002 from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,sid7_gci214031,00.html Deering, Stephen (2001), Future-Proofing the Internet, Retrieved February 24th, 2002 from www.cisco.com/warp/public/756/industryanalysts/presentations/ipv6_presentations.pdf Brig, Micheal (2002), A History of the Internet, Retrieved February 25th, 2002 from http://ngi.spawar.navy.mil/history_of_internet.html Schmid, Stefan (1998), IPv6 benefits, Retrieved February 24th, 2002 from http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/users/sschmid/Spie/node7.html Osterman, Shawn (2002), Internet Addresses, Retrieved March 12th, 2002 from http://oucsace.cs.ohio.edu/~osterman/class/cs444.archive/notes/chap4.pdf