Introduction

History Biometrics

Fingerprint Identification Biometrics Iris Recognition Future Trends Conclusion

 It

is the process by which a person can be identified by his characteristics. characteristic is scanned so that the computer can compare it to the data already stored in the database. identification is more secure method of identifying a person , it can not be easily shared , traded or stolen by another.

The

Biometrics

 There

are mainly two categories of biometrics identification Physiological characteristics :- identified by physical traits of person. E.g. Fingerprint , retinal scans , hand print scans. Behavioral characteristics :- identified with the things that can change with the environment. E.g. Voice recognition , verifying signature.

 Possibly

the most primary known instance of biometrics in practice was a form of finger printing being used in China in 14th century as reported by explorer Joao de Barros.

Up

until the late 1800s identification largely relied upon Photographic memory.
developed a technique of multiple body measurements which later got named after him Bertillon-age.

Bertillon

The science of fingerprint identification stands out among all other forensic sciences for many reasons as Has served all governments worldwide to provide accurate identification of criminals. Establish the first forensic professional organization , IAI(International Association for Identification) in 1915. Worldwide , fingerprints harvested from crime scenes lead to more suspect & generate more evidence in court than all other forensic techniques combined . It quickly & correctly identify two different people who look exactly alike.

 Everyone

is known to have unique , immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made up of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points . Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge bifurcation or ridge ending. Fingerprint matching has two categories:minutiae-based and correlation-based.

Ideal representation would maximize the inter-class variability and minimize the intra-class variability

Fingerprints from the same finger Minutiae-based representation may not be most suitable

Fingerprints from two different fingers

Ridge feature-based representation may not be most suitable

 Fingerprint

classification is a technique to assign a fingerprint into one of the several pre-specified types already established in the literature which can provide an indexing mechanism.

To

reduce the search time & computational complexity , it is desirable to classify these fingerprints in an accurate & consistent manner so that the input fingerprint is required to be matched only with a subset of the fingerprints in the database.

To classify fingerprints an algorithm is used by which the fingerprints are classified into five classes , namely whorl , right-loop , left-loop , arch ,tented-arch.
The

algorithm separates the no. of ridges present in 4 directions(0 deg , 45 deg , 90 deg, 135 deg)by filtering the central part of fingerprint with the bank of Gabor filters. information is quantized to generate a Finger-Code which is used for classification.

This

ARCH

LEFT

RIGHT

TENTED

WHORL

Fig : Types of Fingerprints

critical step in automatic fingerprint matching is to automatically & reliably extract minutiae from the input fingerprint images. The performance of a minutiae extraction algorithm relies heavily on the quality of the input fingerprint images. We have developed a fast fingerprint enhancement algorithm , which can adaptively improve clarity of ridge & furrow structure of input fingerprint images based on the estimated local ridge orientation & frequency.

 Latent Patent Plastic

Prints Prints Prints

Scanning Kelvin probe scan of the same cartridge case with the fingerprint clearly detected.

Cartridge case with an applied fingerprint.

 Acceptance

Acceptance

Accuracy
Ease

Injury
security

of use Installation Training Uniqueness Security

Commercial Computer Network Logon, Electronic Data Security, E-Commerce, Internet Access, ATM, Credit Card, Physical Access Control, Cellular Phones Personal Digital Assistant, Medical Records, Distance Leaning, etc.

Government National ID card, Correctional Facilities, Drivers License, Social Security, Welfare Disbursement, Border Control, Passport Control, etc.

Forensic Corpse Identification Criminal Investigation, Terrorist Identification, Parenthood determination, Missing Children, etc.

 Iris

recognition today combines technologies from several fields including , computer vision(CV) , pattern recognition , statistical interference , & optics . The goal of the technology is near-instant , highly accurate recognition of a persons identity based on a digitally represented images of scanned eye. The tech. is based on the fact that no two iris patterns are alike. The iris is protected organ which makes identification possibilities life long. The iris can there for serve as a life long password which the person must never remember.

 Iris

recognition system use small , high-quality cameras to capture a black & white highresolution photograph of the iris. This technology is considered to be one of the safest , fastest , & most accurate , non invasive biometric technologies. They are used in passport , aviation security , access security , hospitals & national watch list. Iris recognition algorithm can be seen in more & more identification system relating to customs and immigration.

Highly protected Externally visible Variability Entropy Pre-natal morphogenesis Decidability index Image analysis & encoding time Changing pupil size confirms natural physiology

Small target Moving target .. within another ..on yet another Located behind curved , wet , reflecting surface Obscured by eyelashes , lenses , reflections Partially occluded by eye leads often drooping Deforms non-elastically as pupil changes size Some -ve connotations Illumination should not be visible or bright

 E-commerce Information

security(info-sec) Authorization Building entry Automobile ignition Forensic application Computer network access Personal passwords