MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan

Purpose To determine the mechanical properties of the material (that are done to determine if raw material is to the required standard, or as a check upon the heat treatment). to measure the thickness of the material to examine the flaws/defect of the material
Tujuan Untuk menentukan atau mandapatkan sifat-sifat mekanikal bahan untuk mengukur ketebalan bahan Untuk memeriksa kecacatan/kerosakan pada bahan

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan

Material testing can be classified as follow: Destructive test (ujian musnah) Non-destructive test (ujian tanpa musnah)

Destructive test
Use the specimen replaced the real product the specimen is damage so that it cannot be used again To determine the mechanical properties of the material under

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan Non-destructive test:

Test on real product and specimen This testing does not damage the specimen Commonly done to detect/locate defect in materials and products frequently to with inspection of material and products

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan

Destructive test
Among the tests selected for discussion in this topic are: Tensile test Hardness test Impact test Fatigue test Creep test Other test are: Compression test, Bend test, shear test

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan Properties of material

Properties of the material can be divided into two main categories, namely, mechanical properties and physical properties.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TENSILE STRENGTH YIELD STRENGTH DUCTILITY TOUGHNESS FATIGUE STRENGTH CREEP STRENGT HARDNESS MALLEABILITY

MELTING POINT COLOR DENSITY SURFACE SMOOTHNESS ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY HEAT CAPACITY OPACITY

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan Definition of some mechanical properties

Property Strength Definition Is the ability to resist the application of force without rupture; the force maybe tensile, compressive or shear. It is ratio of maximum load before rapture, which material can withstand under tensile loading, to the original cross sectional area of the materials specimen. Is the stress required to produce a small but definite plastic deformation. The property by which a material returns to its original dimension after the removal of a stress.

Tensile strength

Yield strength Elasticity

Ductility

Defined as the extent of plastic deformation the material undergoes before fracture when subjected to the tensile stress.

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan

Definition of some mechanical properties

Property
Fatigue

Definition
The characteristic of a material due to which its fails, at much lower stresses then the static stresses, when subjected to cyclic stresses. Fatigue strength is the maximum cyclic stress that a material can withstand for a specified number of cycles before fatigue failure. The permanent elongation of a material under a constant static load as a function of time Is its the ability to absorb energy prior to fracture (the ability to withstand shock load) It is the resistance of the material to permanent indentation (surface penetration)

Fatigue strength

Creep Toughness Hardness

MATERIAL TESTING Pengujian Bahan

Definition of some mechanical properties

Property
Malleability Brittleness Wear Wear resistance Plasticity

Definition
This is capacity for undergoing information for all direction, usually cold deformation by hammering and squeezing A tendency to fracture without visible plastic deformation Wear is progressive loss or removal of the material from a surface . The resistance offered against that removal of material from the surface by the material. Is the capacity to undergo deformation by hot or cold working.

MECHANICAL TEST
TENSILE TEST
The most common mechanical test is a tensile test The objective of this test is to obtain values for one or more of the following:

a. Tensile strength b. Yield stress

f. Percentage reduction in area g. Breaking stress

c. Elastic limit stress

d. Modulus of elasticity

h. Percentage elongation on standard gauge length

e. Proof stress

TENSILE TEST
In this test, a specimen is pulled to failure in a relatively short time at a constant rate. Figure illustrate schematically the sample is tested in tension.

TENSILE TEST
The force (load) on the specimen being test is plotted on moving chart paper, while the corresponding strain can be obtained from a signal an extensometer attached to the sample.

extensometer

TENSILE TEST
TENSILE TESTING MACHINE

TENSILE TEST
Test piece / specimen Test machine generally prepared comply with British Standards Specifications. Two typical test piece commonly use are illustrated in figure below.
ROUND TEST PIECE

FLAT TEST PIECE

TENSILE TEST Load-extension graph

If the test piece is subjected to a tensile test, a graph is plotted to how he connection between force and extension.

STRESS-STARIN CURVE FOR SOFT STEEL

TENSILE TEST

TENSILE TEST

From A to B the graph is linear (Hooks law). The extension is directly proportional to the load(the strains directly proportional to the stress). Hence point A called the limit of proportionality. At some load just point beyond point A, a point B is reached called the elastic limit. Hence up to point B, the material will returns to its original length when the load is removed.

TENSILE TEST
As load is further increased a point is reached when the material begins to yield; the test piece undergoes a sudden, and relatively appreciable, increase in length without any corresponding increased in load. This is represented by the portion CD, the point C is known as the yield point, the corresponding stress being termed the yield stress. Not for all ductile material we can found yielding phenomenon, but is marked feature of the softer irons and low carbon steels.

TENSILE TEST

TENSILE TEST

TENSILE PROPERTIES