Ad Hoc Networks: Overview

Textbook

C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj, Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols, Prentice Hall PTR, 2004. Charles E. Perkins, Ad hoc Networking, Addison Wesley, 2000

REFERENCES
1. Stefano Basagni, Marco Conti, Silvia Giordano and Iva n stojmenovic, Mobilead hoc networking, Wiley-IEEE pre ss, 2004. 2. Mohammad Ilyas, The handbook of adhoc wireless ne tworks, CRC press, 2002. 3. T. Camp, J. Boleng, and V. Davies A Survey of Mobilit y Models for Ad Hoc Network Research, Wireless Comm un. and Mobile Comp., Special Issue on Mobile Ad Hoc N etworking Research, Trends and Applications, vol. 2, no. 5, 2002, pp. 483502. 4. A survey of integrating IP mobility protocols and Mobil e Ad hoc networks, Fekri M. Abduljalil and Shrikant K. Bo dhe, IEEE communication Survey and tutorials, v no.1 2 007
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REFERENCES
5. V.T. Raisinhani and S.Iyer Cross layer design optimiz ation in wireless protocol stacksComp. communication, vol 27 no. 8, 2004. 6. V.T.Raisinhani and S.Iyer,CLAIR; An Efficient CrossLayer Architecture for wireless protocol stacks,World Wi reless cong., San francisco,CA,May 2004. 7. V.Kawadia and P.P.Kumar,A cautionary perspective o n Cross-Layer design,IEEE Wireless commn., vol 12, no 1,2005.

Related Sites
Advanced Network Technologies Division, NIST,
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wahn_home.shtml

Autonomous Networks Research Group, USC

WSN bibliography, http://ceng.usc.edu/~anrg/SensorNetBib.html

IETF MANET WG
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html

IEEE 802 WG
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/dots.html

Zigbee
http://www.zigbee.org

TinyOS
http://www.tinyos.net/
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Wireless Network Technology

Wireless Networks
Wireless Networks
Infrastructured Network
Cellular Network (3GPP or 3GPP2) Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)

Infrastructureless Network
Ad Hoc Network
WLAN

Internet

Cellular

[Mobile/Wireless] Ad Hoc Networks 7

Ad Hoc Networks vs.

Ad hoc networks vs. Wireless mobile networks
Infrastructureless vs. Infrastructured Network All devices of an ad hoc network are likely to have similar constraints

Ad hoc networks vs. Peer-to-peer networks

P2P devices use existing networked structures such as Internet All P2P networks are not ad hoc network
Because NOT all ad hoc network utilize an existing structure for the communication among devices

Ad hoc computing vs. Pervasive computing

The devices for pervasive computing are usually very small and can be embedded in any type of objects
Users are sometimes not even aware of the existence of the embedded electronic chips
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Ad hoc networks (1)

Temporary network composed of mobile nodes without preexisting communication infrastructure, such as Access Point (AP) and Base Station (BS).

Self-organizing network without infrastructure networks

Cooperative nodes (wireless)
Started from DARPA PRNet in 1970 Each node decode-and-forward packets for other nodes

Each node plays the role of router for multi-hop routing.

Multi-hop packet forwarding through wireless links

Most works based on CSMA/CA to solve the interference problem
IEEE 802.11 MAC Proactive/reactive/hybrid routing protocols

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Ad hoc networks (2)

But, there is no links
Nodes simply radiate energy

Nodes can be cooperative in many other ways (complex)

Amplify and forward interference cancellation to increase SNR

There may be many things out there that we can take advantage of across layers for improvement!

A C B

F D E

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Ad Hoc Network (3)

Ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) Wirelss Mesh Networks (WMN)

Wireless sensor networks

The application areas, the security requirements and the constraints of the single devices differ

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Cellular Net vs. Ad Hoc Net (1)

Cellular Net Fixed infrastructure-based 1-hop wireless links Guaranteed bandwidth Centralized routing Seamless connectivity (low call drops during hand offs) High cost and time of deployment Frequency reuse through geographical channel reuse Time sync: easier to achieve.
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Ad Hoc Net Infrastruxture-less Multi-hop wireless links Shared radio channel Distributed routing Frequent path breaks due to mobility Quick and cost-effective deployment Dynamic frequency reuse based on CSMA Difficult and consume BW

Cellular Net vs. Ad Hoc Net (2)

Cellular Net BW reservation: easier App. Domain: civilian and commercial sector High cost of net maintenance MHs: low complexity Major goal of routing: max call acceptance, min call drop Widely deployed Ad Hoc Net BW reservation requires complex MAC Battlefields, emergency & rescue operations, collaborative computing Self-organization and maintenance is built into network Mobile hosts require more intelligence (routing, switching capability) Aim of routing is to find paths with min overhead and quick reconfiguration of broken paths Several issues are to be addressed for commercial deployment, Widespread use in defense 14

Major Applications

Military Emergency Service Collaborative and Distributed Computing Wireless Mesh Network Wireless Sensor Network Telematics Wireless Personal Area Network Home Network Ad Hoc Relay for Cellular Network Networks for ubiquitous computing
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Demands for group communications

Military

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Emergency Service

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MANET Application III: Others

Search & Rescue / Emergency Services

MANET Application I: Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET)

Integrated traffic simulator with network simulator Vehicle mobility-based routing strategy Make use of public transport (e.g. trams, trains, buses) or traffic facilities (traffic light, lamp post) as data carrier or relay in MANET E.g. A biker-NET in the Blackforest

MANET Application II: Robot (-assisted) Ad hoc Network

Mobile robots moving around wireless sensor Mobile robots serve as relay in network MANET to collect/send data from/to sensors to aid in localization How to guarantee connectivity? How to conserve energy?

MANET Research Target

MANET
No infrastructure Self organizing networks Communications via mobile nodes Dynamic topology Heterogeneity bandwidthconstrained variablecapacity links Limited physical security Nodes with limited battery life and storage capabilities

Issues in MANET
Ad Hoc Unicast Routing Ad Hoc Multicast/Broadcast Routing Power Saving Global Connectivity for MANET Addressing & DNS Service Automatic Support of Networking in MANET
MANET Autoconfiguration

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Wireless Mesh Networks

Mesh network implemented over WLAN Industrial standards Activities
IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 801.16 have established sub-working groups to focus on new standards for WMNs

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WMN Architecture
WMNs (Wireless Mesh Networks) consist of: mesh routers and mesh clients Mesh routers
Conventional wireless AP (Access Point) functions Additional mesh routing functions to support multi-hop communications Usually multiple wireless interfaces built on either the same or different radio technologies

Mesh clients
Can also work as a router for client WMN Usually one wireless interface

Classification of WMN architecture

Infrastructure/Backbone WMNs Client WMNs Hybrid WMNs
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Infrastructure/backbone WMNs
Internet

Wireless Mesh Backbone

Mesh Router with Gateway

Mesh Router

Mesh Router with Gateway

Wired Clients

Mesh Router with Gateway/Bridge Mesh Router with Gateway/Bridge Access Point Wi-Fi Networks

Mesh Router with Gateway/Bridge Wireless Clients Mesh Router with Gateway/Bridge Sensor Sink node Sensor Networks Base Station Cellular Networks WiMAX Networks

Base Station

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Client WMNs

Mesh Client

Mesh Client

Mesh Client

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Hybrid WMNs
Internet

Wireless Mesh Backbone

Mesh Router with Gateway

Mesh Router

Mesh Router with Gateway

Mesh Router with Gateway/Bridge Mesh Router Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, Sensor Networks, Cellular Networks, etc. Mesh Router Mesh Router

Mesh Router with Gateway/Bridge

Conventional Clients

Wireless Mesh Clients

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Sensor Network Model

Sink

Stimulus

Source

Sink

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Wireless Sensor Networks

A sort of ad-hoc networks Ad Hoc A network of low cost, densely deployed, Wireless untethered sensor nodes Sensor Application areas: Network heath, military, and home Placed in inaccessible terrains or disaster areas
It may be impossible to recharge batteries

Net

Different Node Characteristics from Traditional nodes

# of nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes in an Ad Hoc network (100s to 1000s nodes) Densely deployed (20 nodes/m3) Prone to failures Topology changes very frequently Mainly use a broadcast communication, whereas most Ad Hoc networks are based on point-to-point Limited in power, computing capacities, and memory May not have global ID because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors

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Existing Wireless Net vs. Sensor Net

Cellular system Single Hop High QOS Bandwidth efficiency Bluetooth, MANET Multi-hop High QOS Sensor Network Multi-hop Power conservation

Limited bandwidth Large number of node Narrow radio range

Frequent topology change Station to Base station Peer to peer Peer to multi node
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Peer to multi node

Sensor Networks Architecture

Sensor node
Made up of four basic components
Sensing unit, Processing unit, Transceiver unit, and Power unit

Additional application-dependent components

Location finding system, power generator, and mobilizer

Scattered in a sensor field Collect data and route data back to the sink

Sink
Communicate with the task manager node (user) via Internet or satellite

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Challenges in Ad Hoc Networks

Limited wireless transmission range Broadcast nature of the wireless medium Packet losses due to transmission errors Mobility-induced route changes Mobility-induced packet losses Battery constraints Potentially frequent network partitions Ease of snooping on wireless transmissions (security hazard)

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Issues in Ad Hoc Networks

Medium access scheme Routing Multicasting Transport layer protocol Pricing shceme QoS provisioning Security Energy management Addressing and service discovery Scalability Deployment considerations
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Medium Access Scheme

Distributed operation Synchronization Hidden terminal problem Exposed terminal problem Throughput Access delay Fairness: especially for relaying nodes Real-time traffic support Resource reservation Ability to measure resource availability Capability for power control Adaptive rate control Use of directional antennas
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Routing (1)
Challenges
Mobility
results in path breaks, packet collisions, transient loops, stale routing information, and difficulty in resource reservation

BW constraints Error-prone and shred channel

BER: 10-5 ~ 10-3 wireless vs. 10-12 ~ 10-9 wired

Location-dependent contention
Distribute load uniformly

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Routing (2)
Requirements
Minimum route acquisition delay Quick route reconfiguration Loop-free routing Distributed routing approach Minimum control overhead Scalability QoS provisioning Support for time-sensitive traffic Security and privacy

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Multicasting
Robusteness
recover and reconfigure quickly from potential mobility-induced link breaks Efficiency Min control overhead QoS support Efficient group management Scalability security

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Transport Layer Protocols

UDP
No congestion control congestion increase contention degrade throughput

TCP: major performance degradation due to

Frequent path break
route reconfiguration RTO ReTx/CC low throughput

Stale routing information

Increase out-of-order packets dup ACKs CC

High channel error rate

Loss of data/ACK ACK is delayed RTO CC

Frequent network partition

All the packets dropped RTO/multiple ReTx increase RTO/CC

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Security
DoS attack Resource consumption
Energy depletion Buffer overflow

Host impersonation Information disclosure Interference

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Energy Management
Tx power mgmt
MAC: sleep mode Routing: consider battery life time: load balancing Transport: reduce ReTx App

Battery energy mgmt

Extend battery life by taking adv of chemical properties, discharge patterns, and by the selection of a battery from a set of batteries

Processor power mgmt Device power mgmt

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Deployment Consideration (1)

Adv. in ad hoc net
Low cont of deployment Incremental deplyment Short deplyment time Reconfigurablity

Scenario of deployment
Military deployment: data-centric or user-centric Emergency operation deployment: hend-held, voice/data, < 100 nodes Commercial wide-area deployment: e.g. WMN Home network deplyment
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Deployment Consideration (2)

Required longevity of network Area of coverage Service availability: redundancy Operational integration with other infrastructure
Satellite network, UAV(unmanned aerial vehicles), GPS Cellular network

Choice of protocols
TDMA or CSMA-based MAC? Geographical routing (using GPS) Power-saving routing ? TCP extension ?

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