Diode with an RLC Load

D1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
R
160 Ohm
L
2mH
C
0.05uF
Vs
220 V
J1
Key = Space
v
L
(t)
v
C
(t)
V
Co

Close the switch at t = 0
D1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
R
160 Ohm
L
2mH
C
0.05uF
Vs
220 V
J1
Key = Space
V
Co

KVL around the loop
2
2
2
2
1
(0)
1
0
0
s C
di
V Ri L idt v
dt C
di di
L R i
dt dt C
di R di i
dt L dt LC
}
= + + +
+ + =
+ + =
Characteristic Equation
( )
2
2
1,2
0
2 2
1,2 0
1
0
1
2 2
2
1
R
s s
L LC
R R
s
L L LC
R
dampingfactor
L
resonantfrequency
LC
s w
o
e
o o
+ + =
=
= =
= =
=
3 Cases
Case 1
o =
0
critically damped
s
1
= s
2
= -o
roots are equal
i(t) = (A
1
+ A
2
t)e
s1t

3 Cases (continued)
Case 2
o >
0
overdamped
roots are real and distinct
i(t) = A
1
e
s2t
+ A
2
e
s2t


3 Cases (continued)
Case 3
o <
0
underdamped
s
1,2
= -o +/- j
r


r
= the ringing frequency, or the damped
resonant frequency

r
=
o
2

2

i(t) = e
-ot
(A
1
cos
r
t + A
2
sin
r
t)
exponentially damped sinusoid


Example 2.6
V1
220V
D1
DI ODE_VI RTUAL
R
160ohm
L
2mH
C
0.05uF
Determine an expression for the current
-3
5
0
-3 6
0
2 2 10 8
r 0
-t
1 r 2 r
1
-t
2 r
-t
r r 2 r
R 160
= = = 40, 000rad/s
2L (2)(210 )
1 1
= = =110 rad/s
LC
(210 )(0.0510 )
<
= - = 110 -1610 = 91, 652rad/s
i(t) = e (A cos t + A sin t)
@t = 0, i(t = 0) = 0
A = 0
i(t) = e (A sin t)
di
= cos tA e - sin tA
dt
-t
2
e
s
r 2
t =0
s
2
-3
r
-40,000t
@t = 0,
V di
= A =
dt L
V 220V
A = = =1.2A
L (91, 652rad/s)(210 )
i(t) =1.2sin(91, 652t)e
Determine an expression for the current
Determine the conduction time of the diode
The conduction time will occur when the current goes
through zero.

-40,000t
1 1
1
1
i(t ) =1.2sin(91, 652t )e A = 0
91, 652t =

t = = 34.27s
91, 652
Conduction Time
Freewheeling Diodes
J1
100usec 200usec
D1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D2
DIODE_VIRTUAL
L
200uH
R
0.001 Ohm
XSC1
A B
G
T
V1
200 V
Rf
0.001 Ohm
Freewheeling
Diode
Freewheeling Diodes
D2 is reverse biased
when the switch is
closed
When the switch
opens, current in the
inductor continues.
D2 becomes forward
biased, discharging
the inductor.
J1
100usec 200usec
D1
DI ODE_VI RTUAL
D2
DI ODE_VI RTUAL
L
200uH
R
0.001 Ohm
V1
200 V
Rf
0.001 Ohm
Analyzing the circuit
Consider 2 Modes
of operation.

Mode 1 is when the
switch is closed.

Mode 2 is when the
switch is opened.
J1
100usec 200usec
D1
DI ODE_VI RTUAL
D2
DI ODE_VI RTUAL
L
200uH
R
0.001 Ohm
V1
200 V
Rf
0.001 Ohm
Circuit in Mode 1
Vs
220V
L
20uH
R
1 Ohm
i
1
(t)
Mode 1 (continued)
1
1
1
1 1 1
( ) (1 )
@
( ) (1 )
R
t
s
L
R
t
s
L
s
s
V
i t e
R
Open t t
V
I i t e
R
steady state
V
I
R

=
=
= =

=
Circuit in Mode 2
L
20uH
R
1 Ohm
I
1

i
2

2
2
2 1
2 1
0
(0)
( )
R
t
L
di
L Ri
dt
i I
i t I e

= +
=
=
Mode 2 (continued)
Example 2.7
J1
100usec 200usec
D1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D2
DIODE_VIRTUAL
L
200uH
R
0.001 Ohm
XSC1
A B
G
T
V1
200 V
Inductor Current
S
V
i(t) = t
L
i(t) = 100A
Recovery of Trapped Energy
Return Stored Energy to the Source
Add a second winding and a diode
Feedback
winding
The inductor and feedback winding look like a transformer
Equivalent Circuit
L
m
= Magnetizing Inductance
v
2
/v
1
= N
2
/N
1
= i
1
/i
2

Refer Secondary to Primary Side
Operational Mode 1
Switch closed @ t = 0
Diode D
1
is reverse biased, ai
2
= 0
V
s
= v
D
/a V
s
/a
v
D
= V
s
(1+a) = reverse diode voltage
primary current i
1
= i
s

V
s
= L
m
(di
1
/dt)
i
1
(t) = (V
s
/L
m
)t for 0<=t<=t
1

Operational Mode 2
Begins @ t = t
1
when switch is opened
i
1
(t = t
1
) = (V
s
/L
m
)t
1
= initial current I
0

L
m
(di
1
/dt) + V
s
/a = 0
i
1
(t) = -(V
s
/aL
m
)t + I
0
for 0 <= t <= t
2

Find the conduction time t
2

Solve
-(V
s
/aL
m
)t
2
+ I
0
= 0
yields
t
2
= (aL
m
I
0
)/V
s


I
0
= (V
s
t
1
)/L
m
t
1
= (L
m
I
0
)V
s

t
2
= at
1


Waveform Summary
Example 2.8
L
m
= 250H N
1
= 10 N
2
= 100 V
S
= 220V
There is no initial current.
Switch is closed for a time t
1
= 50s, then opened.
Leakage inductances and resistances of the transformer = 0.
Determine the reverse voltage of D
1

The turns ratio is a = N
2
/N
1
= 100/10 = 10
v
D
= V
S
(1+a) = (220V)(1+10) = 2420 Volts
Calculate the peak value of
the primary and secondary currents
From above, I
0
= (V
s
/L
m
)t
1
I
0
= (220V/250H)(50s) = 44 Amperes

I
0
=I
0
/a = 44A/10 = 4.4 Amperes

Determine the conduction time of the diode

t
2
= (aL
m
I
0
)/V
s

t
2
= (10)(250H)(44A)/220V
t
2
= 500s

or, t
2
= at
1

t
2
= (10)(50s)
t
2
= 500s
Determine the energy supplied
by the Source
} }
1 1
t t
2
2
s s
s 1
m m
0 0
V V 1
W= vidt = V tdt = t
L 2 L
W = 0.5L
m
I
0
2
= (0.5)(250x10
-6
)(44A)
2
W = 0.242J = 242mJ
W = (1/2)((220V)
2
/(250H))(50s)
2
W = 0.242J = 242mJ