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Chapter 3
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
To become part of your body, food must first be digested and absorbed.
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Digestion: The process by which food is broken down into absorbable nutrients
Absorption: The passage of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Mouth
Esophagus
Lower esophageal sphincter Stomach Liver Gall bladder Pyloric sphincter Bile duct Ileocecal valve Appendix Rectum Anus Pancreas Pancreatic duct Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (colon)
The Teeth
Incisors have chiseled edges that cut Canines (cuspids) have pointed crowns that tear Premolars (bicuspids) and molars have ridged surfaces that crush and grind Tongue
The Teeth
Enamel Crown Dentin
Pulp cavity
Neck Gum (gingiva) Bone Root Blood vessels and nerves in pulp Root canal
Digestion:
Pharynx- Tube shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.
Epiglottis- Cartilage that prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing.
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Tongue
Food
Larynx rises
Next
Esophagus- the food pipe; a long tube that carries a food bolus from the pharynx to the stomach. Preventive measures: Esophageal sphincters two sphincters on each end of the esophagus. They function to: 1. Upper ES- allow food into the esophagus 2. Lower ES- allow food into the stomach and prevents backflow of stomach contents.
Stomach
Esophagus muscles contract, squeezing on the inside. Diaphragm muscles contract, squeezing on the outside.
When the circular muscles of a sphincter contract, the passage closes; when they relax, the passage opens. FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Stomach Muscles
Longitudinal
Circular
Diagonal
Still going
Small intestine: Made of three parts1. The duodenum 2. The jejunum 3. The ileum In beginning of the small intestine, fluids from the gallbladder and pancreas, flow through the common bile duct and interact with the chyme. The chyme then moves through the 3 parts of the small intestine.
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Pyloric Sphincter
The surface area of the small intestine is roughly the size of a tennis court.
Chyme travels through the large intestine; water is withdrawn and a semi-solid mass forms.
The mass moves to the rectum; rectal muscles relax. 2 sphincters of the anus relax, thus passing the mass through the anus.
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Ascending colon
Appendix
Rectum Anus Sigmoid colon
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Digestive Secretions:
Source
Salivary Glands Stomach Pancreas Liver (via gallbladder) Small intestine
Secretion
Saliva Gastric juice Pancreatic juice Bile Intestinal Flora
Salivary glands
The pH Scale
pHs of common substances:
Basic 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 pH neutral 7 6 5 4 Baking soda Bile Pancreatic juice Blood Water Saliva Urine Coffee Orange juice Vinegar Lemon juice Gastric juice Household ammonia Concentrated lye Oven cleaner
3
2 1 Acidic
Absorption
The small intestine:
Villi- Small intestinal projections Microvilli- Microscopic hairs on the villi Crypts- crevices between the villi All of these components make up the massive absorptive area of the intestine.
Absorption of Nutrients
Outside cell
Carrier loads nutrient on outside of cell . . . Energy . . . and then releases it on inside of cell. FACILITATED DIFFUSION . . . and then releases it on inside of cell. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Carrier loads nutrient on outside of cell . . .
Cell membrane
Inside cell
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Absorption of nutrients into intestinal cells typically occurs by simple diffusion or active transport.
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Small intestine
Nutrient Transport
The nutrient crosses the cell and can
1. Enter the blood stream (water soluble) or 2. Enter the lymphatic system
Water soluble nutrients and smaller fat products are released into the bloodstream. Larger fats, fat-soluble vitamins and turned into chylomicrons and released into the lymphatic system
Right side
Hepatic vein
Hepatic artery
Liver Portal vein Digestive tract Lymph Entire body
Capillaries
Vein
Hydrophobic tail
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Common GI Problems
Choking- improper closing of the epiglottis, food lodged in the pharynx, etc. Vomiting- stomach contents expelled; sometimes the contents of the duodenum are expelled. Diarrhea- frequent loose stools, lack of absorption and increased water in the intestine; fast motility Constipation- inability to defecate
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz
Diverticula (plural)
Diverticulum (singular)
Diverticula may develop anywhere along the GI tract, but are most common in the colon.
FON 241; Digestion: L. Zienkewicz