Ch 9: Barotropic wave

Outline
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
Rossby wave
Topography wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
What are we focusing on?
Symbol Unit Meaning
T time time scale we are interested in
1/ time Earths rotation time scale
L length length scale we are interested in
U length/time the L scale systems average moving speed
C length/time =L/T, which means the wave speed we are tracking
H,H length water average height and its deviation

Ro =
U
OL
<<1, Ro
T
=
1
O
T
=
1
OT
~ 1
C =
L
T
~ OL >>U
Important
relation
Outline
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
Rossby wave
Topography wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
From 7.3 in vector form

dq
dt
+H V
v
V +qV
v
V =0

d
v
V
dt
+ f

k
v
V = gVq
Momentum
Continuity
3 unknowns(u, v, ), 3 equations(momentum x 2 + continuity)
From 7.3 for each axis

cq
ct
+
v
V Vq+H V
v
V +qV
v
V =0

cu
ct
+ u
cu
cx
+v
cu
cy
+ w
cu
cz
fv =
1

cp
cx
= g
cq
cx
cv
ct
+ u
cv
cx
+v
cv
cy
+ w
cv
cz
+ fu =
1

cp
cy
= g
cq
cy
Momentum
Continuity
3 unknowns(u, v, ), 3 equations(momentum x 2 + continuity)

L
T
( U ) (OL) (
gAH
U
)

cu
ct
+ u
cu
cx
+v
cu
cy
+ w
cu
cz
fv = g
cq
cx
Scale Analysis 1

U
T
( U
U
L
) (OU) (g
AH
L
)

multiply
L
U

C =
L
T
~ OL >>U
Scale Analysis 1

cu
ct
+ u
cu
cx
+ v
cu
cy
+ w
cu
cz
fv = g
cq
cx

cu
ct
fv = g
cq
cx

cv
ct
+ fu= g
cq
cy

c
v
V
ct
+ f

k
v
V = gVq
|
\

|
.
|
Scale Analysis 2

cq
ct
+
v
V Vq + H V
v
V + qV
v
V = 0
(
AH
T
) (U
AH
L
) (H
U
L
) (AH
U
L
)

multiply
L
AH

(
L
T
) ( U ) (
H
AH
U) ( U )

C =
L
T
~ OL >>U
Scale Analysis 2

cq
ct
+
v
V Vq + H V
v
V + qV
v
V =0

cq
ct
+H V
v
V =0
Reformulate, and we get

cq
ct
+H V
v
V =0

cu
ct
f v = g
cq
cx
cv
ct
+ f u= g
cq
cy
Momentum
Continuity
3 unknowns(u, v, ), 3 equations(momentum x 2 + continuity)
Reformulate, and we get

cq
ct
+H V
v
V =0
Momentum
Continuity
3 unknowns(u, v, ), 3 equations(momentum x 2 + continuity)

c
v
V
ct
+ f

k
v
V = gVq
Outline
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
Rossby wave
Topography wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
We first using fourier analysis

q
u
v
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
=

q

u

v
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
e
ik
x
x+ik
y
yie t
k
x
k
y
e

gik
x
ie f
gik
y
f ie
ie iHk
x
iHk
y
|
\



|
.
|
|
|

q

u

v
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
k
x
k
y
e

e
ik
x
x+ik
y
yie t
= 0

e e
2
f
2
gH(k
x
2
+ k
y
2
)
| |
= 0
e = 0 or f
2
+ gHk
2
def ine R
2
=
gH
f
2
=
c
f
|
\

|
.
|
2

e
f
|
\

|
.
|
2
=1+(kR)
2
Solution I : =0
1. Timeless (it doesnt change with time!)
2. It means theres no constraint on
wavenumber (any shape!)

Geostrophic solution




f

k
v
V = gVq

v
V =
g
f

k Vq

e
f
|
\

|
.
|
2
=1+(kR)
2
e = k gH when f 0
When f0, it degenerates
to a line (non-dispersive)
Poincare
waves(dispersive)
Solution II :
R Rossby radius of deformation

R =
gH
f
=
c
f
R
L
=
1
f
L
c
=
T
Earth
T
wave
R Less rotation effect

R More rotation effect
R means in what scale of length will Earths rotation comes into play
Question
Is there any way to create a situation in which
the effect of rotation can be eliminated?
Outline
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
Rossby wave
Topographiy wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
Answer: wall
Coriolis force
Coriolis force Force from wall
Rotation takes effect
Rotation canceled
(Kelvin wave)
The Kelvin wave is a traveling disturbance that
requires the support of a lateral boundary.

c
2
v
ct
2
= gH
c
2
v
cy
2
= c
2
c
2
v
cy
2
where c = gH

u = 0 everywhere, using
cu
ct
f v g
cq
cx
cv
ct
+ f u = g
cq
cy
cq
ct
+ H V
v
V = 0









Condition (in NH)
Lets do some math

c
2
v
ct
2
= c
2
c
2
v
cy
2
v =V
1
(x, y +ct) +V
2
(x, y ct)
q =
H
g
V
1
(x, y +ct) +
H
g
V
2
(x, y ct)
using
cu
ct
f v = g
cq
cx

cV
1
cx
=
f
gH
V
1
,
cV
2
cx
=
f
gH
V
2

V
1
=

V
1
(y +ct) e
xf / gH
, V
2
=

V
2
(y ct) e
+xf / gH
V
2
is not a physically accepted solution (V exploded as x )
def ineR =
gH
f
=
c
f
the solution becomes

u = 0
v = cF(y +ct) e
x / R
q = HF(y +ct) e
x / R





Equation tells us

v = cF(y +ct) e
x / R
q = HF(y +ct) e
x / R



1. If R is large no rotation effect pure gravity wave with c
2
= (gH)
2
2. If R is small wave doesnt exists geostrophic condition
Again, R means in what scale of length will Earths rotation comes into play or
more precisely, reciprocal length
Visualize

v =
g
f
cq
cx
Conclusion
The Kelvin wave is non-dispersive, the phase
speed is equal to the group speed of the wave
energy for all frequencies.
Thus its said to be trapped. In the longshore
direction, the wave travels without distortion
at the speed of surface gravity waves.
Although the direction of propagation is unique,
the sign of v is arbitrary.

e
f
|
\

|
.
|
2
=1+(kR)
2
if we let f and k be const,
kR= kc/ f kR|= c | Less rotation ef fect
More like
pure gravity
wave
More like
pure gravity
wave
More like
pure gravity
wave
More like
pure gravity
wave
Affected by
rotation
Affected by
rotation
But wait, theres something wrong
A BIG assumption of previous solution:

but in fact f =2Osin| = non constant

f =constant!!
Please remember this
In the previous ppt, we make f const and get
two solutions, correspond to

1.
c
v
V
ct
= 0 (Geostrophic)
2.
c
v
V
ct
= 0 (Kelvin and Poincare waves)
In the next section, we will using Quasi-Geostrophic condition:

c
v
V
ct
f

k
v
V
=
U
f L
<<1(Low Rossby number)
c
v
V
ct
<< f

k
v
V (Quasi Geostrophic)
Outline
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
Rossby wave
Topography wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
From f-plane to -plane
For simplicity, we use a Taylor 1
st
order
expansion to represent non-const f.


f = f
0
+
df
dy
y=0
y = f
0
+ |
0
y
planetary number =
|
0
L
f
0
<<1
Reformulate, and we get

cq
ct
+H V
v
V =0
Momentum
Continuity
3 unknowns(u, v, ), 3 equations(momentum x 2 + continuity)

c
v
V
ct
+( f
0
+ |
0
y)

k
v
V = gVq
Using 1
st
order appoximation

c
v
V
ct
+( f
0
+ |
0
y)

k
v
V = gVq

v
V ~
g

k
f
0
Vq (and iterate again)

g

k
f
0
V
cq
ct
+ f
0

k
v
V
|
0
g
f
0
yVq = gVq

v
V =
g

k
f
0
Vq
g
f
0
2
V
cq
ct

|
0
g
f
0
2
y

k Vq

v
V =
g

k
f
0
Vq
g
f
0
2
V
cq
ct

|
0
g
f
0
2
y

k Vq
cq
ct
+ H V
v
V = 0

cq
ct
+ H V
g

k
f
0
Vq
g
f
0
2
V
cq
ct

|
0
g
f
0
2
y

k Vq
|
\

|
.
|

cq
ct
R
2
c
ct
V
2
q
( )
|
0
R
2
cq
cx
= 0
Evaluate into continuity equation:
Using 1
st
order appoximation
Using fourier analysis

q =

q e
ik
x
x+ik
y
yie t
k
x
k
y
e

ie R
2
(ie)(k
x
2
k
y
2
) |
0
R
2
(ik
x
) = 0
e =
|
0
R
2
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
Result I : Verify

e =
|
0
R
2
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
, k ~ 1/ L
Short wave: L < R, e ~ |
0
L
Long wave: L > R, e ~
|
0
R
2
L
< |
0
R < |
0
L

0
L<<f
0
, which means frequency is much smaller than f.

Result II : c
x
, c
y

e =
|
0
R
2
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
c
x
=
e
k
x
=
|
0
R
2
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
westward only
( )
c
y
=
e
k
y
=
|
0
R
2
k
y
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
| |
no constraint
( )
Result III : c
g

e =
|
0
R
2
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
, k ~ 1/ L
k
x
+
|
0
2e
|
\

|
.
|
2
+ k
y
2
=
|
0
2
4e
2

1
R
2
|
\

|
.
|
e
max
=
|
0
R
2
figure 9-4,9-5
Conclusion: Rossby wave
1. Quasi-Geostrophic
2. Exists in beta-plane
3. Has frequency maximum limit
4. Single freq wave can only move westward.
5. Energy can be transport in ANY direction!!
Video ref
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuZ2Zc5x1ZU
Notice that wave propagate backward while it moves forward
Question
Weve already expand f to analysis the 1
st
order
(-plane) phenomenon Rossby wave.

Then, what if we expand the depth of water into
1
st
order? (dH/dy=-plane)
Outline
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
Rossby wave
Topography wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
Topography waves
Figure 9-6

H = H
0
+o
0
y
o =
o
0
L
H
0
<<1
h = H
0
+o
0
y +q
also, QGcondition
Rewrite continuity equation

ch
ct
+
chu
cx
+
chv
cy
= 0, h = H
0
+o
0
y +q

cq
ct
+ u
co
0
y +q
cx
+ H
0
+o
0
y +q
( )
cu
cx
+v
co
0
y +q
cy
+ H
0
+o
0
y +q
( )
cv
cy
= 0

cq
ct
+
v
V Vq+ H
0
+o
0
y +q
( )
V
v
V
( )
+o
0
v = 0
AH
T
AH
T

cq
ct
+ H
0
V
v
V
( )
+o
0
v = 0
Reformulate, and we get

cq
ct
+H
0
V
v
V +o
0
v =0
Momentum
Continuity
3 unknowns(u, v, ), 3 equations(momentum x 2 + continuity)

c
v
V
ct
+ f

k
v
V = gVq
Using 1
st
order appoximation

c
v
V
ct
+ f

k
v
V = gVq

v
V ~
g

k
f
Vq (and iterate again)

g

k
f

c
ct
Vq+ f

k
v
V = gVq

v
V =
g
f
2
c
ct
Vq+
g

k
f
Vq

v
V =
g
f
2
c
ct
Vq+
g

k
f
Vq

cq
ct
+ H
0
V
v
V +o
0
v = 0

cq
ct
+ H V
g
f
2
c
ct
Vq+
g

k
f
Vq
|
\

|
.
| +o
0
v = 0

cq
ct
R
2
c
ct
V
2
q+
o
0
g
f
cq
cx
= 0
Evaluate into continuity equation:
Using 1
st
order appoximation
Wow, thats fimiliar

(Topography)
cq
ct
R
2
c
ct
V
2
q+
o
0
g
f
cq
cx
= 0
(Rossby)
cq
ct
R
2
c
ct
V
2
q |
0
R
2
cq
cx
= 0

(Topography)
o
0
g
f
|
0
R
2
(Rossby)
Result : Compare with Rossby

e =
|
0
R
2
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
c
x
=
e
k
x
=
|
0
R
2
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
c
y
=
e
k
y
=
|
0
R
2
k
y
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
| |
e
max
=
|
0
R
2

e =
o
0
g
f
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
c
x
=
e
k
x
=
o
0
g f
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
c
y
=
e
k
y
=
o
0
g f
k
y
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )
| |
e
max
=
o
0
g
2 f R
Topography waves Rossby waves
Planetary waves and Topography waves


q =
f +,
h
=
f
0
+ |
0
y
( )
+ cv cx cu cy
( )
H
0
+o
0
y +q
=
1
H
0
f
0
+ |
0
y
o
0
f
0
H
0
y + cv cx cu cy
( )

f
0
H
0
q
|
\

|
.
|
Figure 9-7
Review
Scale analysis
Linearization
(shallow water)
Fundamental Eq
(Linearized)
Local scale
(0
th
order vorticity)
Kelvin wave

Poincare wave
Planetary scale
(1
st
order vorticity,
vorticity conservation)
Rossby wave
Topography wave
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
What are we
focusing on?
(nondispersive)
(dispersive)
(-plane)
(-plane)

c
v
V
ct
+ f

k
v
V = gVq
cq
ct
+ H V
v
V = 0








Ro =
U
OL
<<1,
C =
L
T
>>U

q =
f +,
h
=
1
H
0
f
0
+ |
0
y
o
0
f
0
H
0
y +...
|
\

|
.
|

e ~
k
x
1+ R
2
k
x
2
+ k
y
2
( )

R =
gH
f
=
c
f
R
L
=
1
f
L
c
=
T
Earth
T
wave

e
f
|
\

|
.
|
2
=1+(kR)
2
Reference
Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,
Benoit Cushman-Roisin and Jean-Marie
Beckers(Ch.9)
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
http://www.ocean.washington.edu/research/
gfd/
Thanks for your attention!