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Class Osteichthyes
Characterized by having: Bone in their skeleton An operculum covering the gill openings A swimbladder or lungs True scales Paired fins Homocercal tail (Exception lungfish diphycercal) Mouth terminal Two chambered heart Sexes separate (Sex reversal in some) Fertilization external for most Excrete ammonia
Class Osteichthyes
The bony fishes are the most diverse class of fish. ~24,000 species Osteichthyes are divided into two subclasses The lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygians) The ray-finned fish (Actinopterygians). *Most modern fish are members of the rayfinned, Teleost subdivision.
Sarcopterygians
Sarcopterygians are the fish most closely related to modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals This subclass includes the lungfish and coelacanth. Coelacanth were thought to have become extinct at about the same time as the dinosaurs, until a live specimen was found in 1938
Sarcopterygians
Characteristics: Muscular lobe associated with fins Have lungs for gas exchange Live in areas with seasonal droughts Can breathe air if water stagnates Cannot withstand desiccation Burrow in the mud Have enamel on the teeth
Sarcopterygians
Can survive drought by remaining in aestivation for 6 months or more Aestivation = dormant state After rain fills the lake or riverbed Lungfish emerge from their burrows to feed & reproduce
Lungfish scales
Cosmoid scales
Lungfish Circulation
Coelacanth
Actinopterygians
Ray-finned fish (Fins lack muscular lobes) Have swimbldders to regulate buoyancy ~23,900 species
Paddlefish
Subdivisions of Teleostei
Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes (minnows, carps) Order Siluriformes (catfish) Superorder Protacanthopterygii Order Esociformes (pikes) Order Osmeriformes (smelts) Order Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, whitefish) Superorder Paracanthopterygii Order Gadiformes (cod, hakes, pollock) Superorder Acanthopterygii Order Percoidei (perches, snook, basses) Order Pleuronectiformes (flounders, soles) Order Perciformes (mackerel, tuna, swordfish)
Myomeres
Swimming mechanics
Thrust- force in animal's direction Lift- force opposite in right angles to the thrust Drag- force opposite the direction of movement
Swimming mechanics
Yaw side to side movement of head Pitch up and down movement of head