DESIGN OF A 1MW SMALL HYDRO POWER SCHEME FOR SMALL SETTLEMENTS; ERIN IJESHA, OSUN STATE

BY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN

AYENI Taiwo I. EKWUGHA Emmanuel C. NAFIU Taiwo O.

January 10, 2013 1

OVERVIEW
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Energy: Vital for sustaining life on earth Basic foundation which determines stability of national

economic development. Needed to improve quality of life. Exponential increase in world energy demand. World population will hit 8billion by 2020. (Nigeria generates about 3,500MW) Conventional energy resources are limited on earth. Exploitation and optimization without jeopardizing life supporting systems
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Available Energy Sources

Energy

Sustainable `

Ecology

Development

Economy

DC

An abstract model for sustainable material development

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Erin-Ijesha : A case study

(According to the National Control Centre, Oshogbo)
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Located in Oriade LGA, Osun State, Nigeria Population is estimated at about 25,000 (Power

consumption: about 1MW)

Olumirin waterfalls was discovered in 1140AD

The waterfall flows from the third level (of a seven-level

mountain standing at about 1000 metres above sea level)

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Details of Design of 1MW hydropower scheme

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Knowledge of Hydrostatic head Calculation of Average Discharge (Flow

Rate) at Erin-Ijesha waterfall

Selection of turbine from Turbine

Application Chart

Penstock specification

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Bed statistics taken at Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls

(flow already channeled)
Length (cm) Bed Width (cm) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
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Bed Depth (cm) 39.5 36.0 23.0 19.0 17.0 10.0 14.0 25.0 26.0 16.0 18.0 15.0 15.0 14.0
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64.0 39.0 36.0 46.0 43.0 47.0 41.0 38.0 34.0 34.0 38.0 38.0 36.5 46.0

280

70

60

50

40 Bed Width (cm) Bed Depth (cm) 30

20

10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

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Bed Profile Chart for 2nd Level of Erin-Ijesha Waterfall

Deduction of Cross-sectional area of bed (A), Velocity of flow (v) and Flow rate, Q
Bed width (average) = 41.46cm Bed depth (average) = 20.54cm Cross-Sectional Area of bed, A = 41.46cm x 20.54cm A = 851.59cm2 Length of bed = 410cm Average time of flow, t = 2.86s Average velocity of flow, v = 410cm/2.86s v = 143.36cm/s Using Continuity equation, Flow rate, Q = Area x velocity Q = [851.59cm2 x 143.36cm/s] m3 /10 6 cm3 Q = 0.122m3/s Hydrostatic head (2nd level) = 50m
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Statistics for 3rd Level of rocks at Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls

Hydrostatic head (3rd level) = 80m Bed width (average) = 175cm Bed depth (average) = 41cm Cross-Sectional Area of bed, A = 175cm x41cm A = 7175cm2 Length of bed considered = 200cm Average time of flow, t = 7.12s Average velocity of flow, v = 200cm/7.12s v = 28.09cm/s Flow rate, Q = [7175cm2 x 28.09cm/s] m3 /10 6 cm3 Flow rate (3rd level), Q = 0.202m3/s
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Current technology in power generation: Hydroelectric Turbines

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Low Head Low Flow Rate

Medium Head

High Head Pelton (Impulse)

High Flow Rate

Propeller & Kaplan

Francis

Other common models of turbines are; Cross-flow Turgo

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FRANCIS KAPLAN

CROSSFLOW

TURGO
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PELTON

TURBINE SELECTION CHART ( www.pumpfundamentals.com)

14 January Selected Turbine: PELTON TURBINE, Penstock = 0.25m (<0.3m) 10, 2013

CORRESPONDING

POWER OUTPUT
(kW) 2ND LEVEL FLOW RATE (0.122m3/s)

2ND LEVEL HEAD 3RD LEVEL HEAD (50 metres) (80 metres)

TOTAL POWER OUTPUT (kW)

80

3RD LEVEL FLOW RATE (0.202m3/s) TOTAL POWER OUTPUT (kW)

176

256

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Emerging Technologies
Hydrokinetic Turbines
(www.wikidot.com )

Hydro Based Hybrid Power Systems (HBHPS) (R. K. Maskey)

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Techno-Economic Analysis
PHCN Total Construction Cost/kW Exchange Rate (N) Project Life (Years) <50 N/A
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Micro Hydropower $2000 (RETSCREEN INTL) 151 per USD >50

HBHPS 16000 Euro

(NACHRICHTEN)

186 per Euro 25

Cost/kWh (N)
Capital Utilization Payback Period (@ N4.00/kWh)

4.00
Reference

0.69
480% (High) 9 years

13.59
2nd Phase

Derivable benefits include; Improved need for tourist visits Improved socio-economic cohesion within the community Public-Private Partnership Creation of job opportunities Improved quality of life
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Basis for Future Prospects

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Green Energy Sources: Emphasis in global energy

conferences (Rio-1992; Kyoto-1997) Perpetual nature and spatial distribution of sources i.e. hydro & solar Hydrokinetic turbines can be used to boost power generation in already existing dams e.g; kainji, shiroro. Financial involvement of private and international organizations (EAP, UN etc) Certainty of reduced cost of renewable energy sources as against an increase in fossil fuel cost
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Challenges facing the Erin-Ijesha Hydro Power Scheme

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High initial startup costs: A common factor to all

emerging energy technologies Integration with existing power grid Bureaucratic obstacles Accessibility of the site for construction Slippery effect of water flow over rocks poses a challenge in the safety of workers during construction. Harvesting of water from the 3rd level- use of dynamite or water collector.

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THANK YOU

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