4.

The Triple Bottom Line Concept

Three Pillars of Sustainable Development

Society Environment

Sustainable Development

Economy

5.Policies and instruments

Integrated Product Policy Policy instruments to encourage Sustainable Consumption and Production

Policy instruments Regulatory: standards, norms, EPR (environmental performance reviews), labelling, (enforcement) Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies, credits, financial incentives, etc. Social: awareness raising, education, information, voluntary initiatives Others: indicators, green accounting...

BACKGROUND
Responses of businesses to pollution
PASSIVE Ignore pollution REACTIVE Dilution and dispersion

CONSTRUCTIVE End-of-pipe treatment

PROACTIVE Cleaner Production

Definition by UNEP

CLEANER PRODUCTION

Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated, preventive environmental strategy towards processes, products and services in order to increase overall efficiency and reduce damage and risks for humans and the environment.
Continuous Processes Humans

Preventive

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Products

RISK REDUCTION Environment

Integrated

Services

CLEANER PRODUCTION
Operational improvements to business
What are the benefits for industrials ?
> CP improves products and services > CP lowers risks (liability) > CP improves company image > CP improves workers health and safety conditions > CP reduces waste treatment and disposal costs > CP can be integrated with the business EMS > CP saves costs on raw material, energy and water > CP makes companies more profitable and competitive

IMPLEMENTING CP
Cleaner Production categories
OPERATION

TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS
INPUT MATERIALS Relationship with MEAs: 1- UNFCCC/Kyoto Green House Gas emissions 2- Basel Convention Waste minimisation 3- Stockholm Convention Avoid unintentionally produced POPs (PCBs, dioxins and furans) PRODUCTS

WASTE & EMISSIONS

METHODOLOGY
Barriers to CP implementation
INTERNAL BARRIERS
> Traditional philosophy of CEOs (low awareness) > Internal organisation and communication (initial constraints) > Limited information, data and expertise on waste and emissions > Focus on end of pipe solutions and short term profits > Inadequate cost/profit calculations CP options > Missing, outdated or unreliable process instrumentation > No or limited support of middle management > No EMS to achieve continual improvement

EXTERNAL BARRIERS
> Availability of investment capital > Availability of CP technologies

To be solved by an organised approach

METHODOLOGY
CP methodology
> Obtain management commitment > Organise project team > Identify barriers & solutions > Set objectives > Pre-assess > Identify sources (WHERE) > Analyse causes (WHY) > Generate possible options (HOW) > Evaluate options on: Technical, environmental and economic feasibility > Select best options > Option implementation > Monitoring and evaluation > Sustain and continue

The recognized need for Cleaner Production 1.Planning and Organization 2.Assessment 3.Feasibility Analysis 4.Implementation Successfully implemented Cleaner Production projects Sustain & Continue (EMS)

CONCLUSION
About CP trends
UPWARD DIFFUSION
National policies Legislation Action plans CP Funds

LATERAL DIFFUSION New Tools

Financial incentives Environmental reporting Eco-labeling ISO 14000 Award scheme

LATERAL DIFFUSION New Sectors

Industrial estates Building design Tourism Eco-towns

DOWNWARD DIFFUSION
Local authorities NGOs CP Clubs Partnerships

Life Cycle Analysis

The Life cycle concept (ISO 14040) Industrial systems are comprised of interdependent processes and activities, requiring a systems approach for considering technology from a cradle-to-grave/cradle perspective.

The Environment
Inputs The Industrial System Outputs

Life Cycle Analysis

The Life cycle concept LCA is a holistic analytical technique for assessing the environmental effects associated with a product, process, or activity. System-wide, multi-media perspective

Functional unit accounting system

Comparative assessment of relative or functional unit differences

Life Cycle Analysis

General Scope of LCA Inputs Life-Cycle Stages Raw Materials Extraction/Processing
Energy

Outputs
Water Effluents
Airborne Emissions Solid Wastes Products CoProducts

Product Manufacturing Product Use/Reuse

Raw Materials

Maintenance and Repair EOL Disposition

Boundary
source: www.epa.gov.in

Life Cycle Analysis

Advantages of LCA
Supports

decision-making for product/production systems with scientific data and competence Identifies opportunities of improvement Identifies key impacts and life-cycle stages of system Improves marketability of product (ecolabelling, environmental claim, product declaration) Identifies trade offs and information gaps Results in cost reductions, enhanced public image, competitive advantages, performance, productivity and profits Helps companies to adopt a remanufacture approach to reduce the resource use and cost Provides guidance towards optimizing the actual technology implementation by pinpointing process steps with high environmental impact (Schmidinger and Nardoslamsky, 2008)

Life Cycle Analysis

Limitations of LCA

Availability and quality of life-cycle inventory data Uncertainties in the inventory and in the impact assessment methodology Impossible to assess the quality of results due to its complexity Differences in LCA problem formulation due to differences in values High cost associated with a comprehensive LCA Practical difficulty in carrying out detailed life-cycle inventories and also to translate the results into appropriate actions Time consuming and complex nature of LCA