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Dr. Paul A. Hall President AIV Microbiology & Food Safety Consultants, LLC Hawthorn Woods, IL USA
Business survival/self-interest
Our brands are our most important asset
History is replete with brands and businesses being destroyed because of a lapse in food safety
Industry responsibility
Moral obligation to produce food as safe as practical Industry pledge not to make safety a competitive issue
Additionally, recontamination can occur at different points along the farm-to-fork continuum.
Cross contamination
Improper storage
28.9%
25.3%
Raw foods
Infected persons Inadequate handling Contaminated ingredients Contaminated equipment Other
Adapted from: Rocourt, J. et al. 2003. Present State of Foodborne Disease in OECD Countries. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
18.4%
9.7% 9.2% 4.8% 3.0% 0.7%
13%
Source: Washington State Dept. of Health. Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Update, 2002
Examples of Outbreaks Attributed to Recontamination Originating from Various Sources Across the Food Chain
Organism B. cereus E. coli O157:H7 S. agona S. berta S. enteriditis S. enteriditis PT4 S. typhimurium E. coli O157:H7 Product Pasteurized milk Different foods Breakfast cereal Soft cheese Ice cream Pastry Cooked sliced ham Flavored yogurt Filling equipment Slicing and handling utensils in supermarket Probably filling and packaging machine Buckets for cheese ripening previously used for raw eggs Tanker used to transport ice cream previously used for raw eggs Mixing bowl, cream piping bags and nozzles not cleaned Containers previously used for curing raw pork Pump previously used for unpasteurized milk, insufficient zoning? Processing Equipment
Adapted from: Rocourt, J. et al. 2003. Present State of Foodborne Disease in OECD Countries. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Examples of Outbreaks Attributed to Recontamination Originating from Various Sources Across the Food Chain
Product
Raw Materials Contaminated onions added Contaminated paprika powder Probably contaminated chocolate syrup added to pasteurized milk
Adapted from: Rocourt, J. et al. 2003. Present State of Foodborne Disease in OECD Countries. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Examples of Outbreaks Attributed to Recontamination Originating from Various Sources Across the Food Chain
Organism C. parvum Water Product Environment Secondary contamination of potable water
L. monocytogenes
L. monocytogenes Salmonella serovars S. ealing S. typhimurium DT170 Y. enterocolitica O:8
Butter
Hot dogs Citrus products Infant formulae Kebab, yogurt relish Pasteurized mild
Processing environment
Environment Amphibians entering the production facility? Environment of processing lines and equipment Juice from carcasses dripping into open containers of yogurt Post-process contamination from the environment
Adapted from: Rocourt, J. et al. 2003. Present State of Foodborne Disease in OECD Countries. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Examples of Outbreaks Attributed to Recontamination Originating from Various Sources Across the Food Chain
Organism Product Handling at or Close to Point of Consumption
C. parvum
E. Coli O157:H7 Norwalk-like virus Norwalk-like virus
Different foods
(hamburger) Salad items Ham, chicken dish
S. sonnei
Y. enterocolitica
Sandwiches
Cooked pork intestines
Probably chicken handled in the same chicken Unknown Ham served at funeral meals, source unknown
Adapted from: Rocourt, J. et al. 2003. Present State of Foodborne Disease in OECD Countries. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
Case Studies
Milling (130C) to produce tahini Manually mix Tahini and acidified heated glucose syrup (80 Brix) at 140C
Homogenized (optional)
Packaged
First outbreak in the U.S. traced to Salmonella tennessee in peanut butter was reported in February 2007
Finished product testing also did not detect the organism implying sporadic contamination
L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment and can be isolated from a wide range of foods.
Certain strains of L. monocytogenes can cause illness in humans: Neonates (sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis) Pregnant women (fever, miscarriage, stillbirth) Elderly (sepsis, meningitis, focal infections) Immunocompromised (sepsis, meningitis, focal infections) Healthy adults (rarely, diarrheal illness) High levels of L. monocytogenes have to be consumed in order to cause illness
Foods can be classified according to their risk, based on their properties and history of known illness
Cluster 1
Moderate Risk Deli-type Salads Dry/Semi-dry Fermented Sausages Frankfurters (reheated) Fresh Soft Cheese Fruits Semi-soft Cheese Soft Ripened Cheese Vegetables Low Risk No food categories
Very Low Risk Cultured Milk Products Hard Cheese Ice Cream Frozen Dairy Products Processed Cheese
Cluster 4
Emulsifying
Chopping
Formulating/ Blending
Cooking
Chilling
Shipping
Packaging
Collating Frankfurters
Traffic patterns
GMPs +
Sanitary design +
Sanitation procedures
Listeria Control
Zone 2
Exterior of equipment, chill units, framework, equipment housing Zone 3 Phones, hand trucks, forklifts, walls, floor and drains Zone 4 Locker rooms, cafeteria, halls, warehouse, loading dock
Biased intensive sampling before and during production to monitor all areas
Large surface areas sampled for Listeria genus or other suitable indicator Sampling is randomized (by the day of the week and shift) Every RTE processing line must be sampled, ideally on a weekly basis Sampling plans need to be flexible and tailored to each specific line and facility
Personnel
Salmonella in ice cream mix contaminated in tanker truck used for unpasteurized raw eggs
Companies should have the proper checks and balances to ensure that their suppliers and co-manufacturers are in compliance with established food safety standards.
HACCP plans should be reassessed ideally on an annual basis or if there are any significant process changes.
HACCP plans should be developed using experienced crossfunctional teams and reviewed/approved by a third-party expert authority if in-house expertise is not available. Food Safety Assessments should be conducted to determine if the HACCP plan and pre-requisite programs are being followed and to identify gaps in the food safety system. Food companies should require that their suppliers and comanufacturers have implemented a valid HACCP plan and associated pre-requisite programs.
Proactive leadership in external committees, trade organizations, and research institutions to promote food safety.
Conduct in-depth safety and quality system and capabilities assessments using cross-functional teams and independent technical experts at targeted manufacturing plants. Assess overall recall and traceability processes across our supply chain. Assess organizational capabilities across Operations to ensure proper resource allocation.
Thank you!
A Presentation at the IAFP Latin America Symposium on Food Safety Royal Palm Plaza Hotel resort
paul.hall@aivfoodsafety.com