Asymmetric Links unique in CDMA since forward and reverse link have different structures.

Forward Link consist of 4 logical channels ( pilot, sync, paging and traffic ) that is spread orthogonally by its Walsh functions then spread further by short PN sequences. Reverse Link consist of 2 logical channels ( access and traffic ) spread orthogonally by its own long PN codes Forward Link Logical Channels using 64 x 64 Hadamard Matrix to generate 64 Walsh Codes that are orthogonal with each other. A. Pilot Channel identified by Walsh Code 0 with no baseband information spread ( Ec/Io )

I pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

Walsh code 0 ( 1.228 Mcps ) BBF

A
To QPSK modulator

All 0s

1.228 Mcps BBF

Q pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

B. Sync Channel contains baseband information (1.2 Kbps) in the sync channel message that notify MS about important information about system synchronization and parameters. The BB info is protected, interleaved and spread by Walsh code 32 which is further spread by short PN sequence that identifies the sector.

I pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

Walsh code 32 ( 1.228 Mcps ) Sync Channel Bits 1.2 kbps

BBF

B
To QPSK modulator

Conv. Encoder () 2.4 kbps

Symbol repetition 4.8 kbps

Bit Interleaver 4.8 kbps 1.228 kbps

BBF

Q pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

Sync Channel Structure

Sync channel superframe ( 96 bits ) Sync channel superframe ( 96 bits )

Sync channel

Sync channel

Sync channel

Sync channel frame ( 32 bits )

Sync channel frame ( 32 bits )

Sync channel frame ( 32 bits )

frame ( 32 bits ) frame ( 32 bits ) frame ( 32 bits )

Short PN sequence

Short PN sequence

Short PN sequence

Short PN sequence

Short PN sequence

Short PN sequence

Note: 1. At bit level, the sync channel is transmitted in groups of sync channel superframe of 90 bits at a duration of 90 ms. 2. Once the pilot is acquired by the MS, sync channel is immediately known since it is spread by the PN sequence.

Sync channel message capsule group of sync channel messages + padding ( variable length ) since the message itself is long and may occupy more than one sync channel frame.

SOM

Sync channel frame body (32 bits)

Sync channel super frame

0 0 0 0

Sync channel message

padding

Sync channel message capsule

31 x 6 = 186 bits Sync message channel contain the ff: a. b. Pilot PN offset ( pilot_PN ) Synchronization with long PN sequence message ( LC_STATE and SYS_TIME )

Paging channel just like the sync channel, this channel also carries baseband information but at a higher rate. Once the MS acquire the pilot and sync channel, it begins to monitor the paging channel ( only 1) for each sector. Contains overhead and paging messages. I pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

Walsh code 1-7 ( 1.228 Mcps ) Paging Channel Bits 4.8 kbps or 9.6 kbps

BBF

C
To QPSK modulator

Conv. Encoder () 9.6 kbps or 19.2 kbps

Symbol repetition 19.2 kbps

Bit Interleaver 19.2 kbps 1.228 kbps

BBF

Long code mask For paging channel

Long Code Generator

Decimate

Q pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

1.228 kbps

19.2 kbps

Maximum paging slot cycle

80 ms/768 bits Paging Channel Slot 0 Paging Channel Slot 1 Paging Channel Slot 2 Paging Channel Slot 3 Paging Channel Slot 2047

20 ms/192 bits Paging Channel frame Paging Channel frame Paging Channel frame Paging Channel frame

10 ms/96 bits Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame Paging Channel Half frame

SCI

Paging Channel Half frame Body

Note: Paging message may be transported by either synchronized paging message capsule or unsynchronized paging
message capsule.

Overhead Message
SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE A. Handoff Parameters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. T_ADD T_DROP T_TDROP T_COMP SEARCH_WIN_A SEARCH_WIN_R SEARCH_WIN_N NEIGHBOR_MAX_AGE

B. Forward Power Control Parameters For MS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PWR_REP_THRESH pwr. Control rep. threshold PWR_REP_FRAMES pwr. Control rep. frame count PWR_THRESH_ENABLE threshold rep. mode indicator PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE periodic rep. mode indicator PWR_REPORT_DELAY pwr. Rep. delay

Overhead Message
ACCESS PARAMETERS MESSAGE A. Reverse Power Control For MS 1. 2. 3. NOM_PWR nominal tx pwr. offset INIT_PWR initial pwr. Offset for access PWR_STEP pwr. increment

B. Access Parameters for MS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. NUM_STEP no. of access probes PROBE_PN_RAN time randomization for access channel probe ACC_TMO acknowledgment time-out PROBE_BKOOF access channel probe back-off range BKOFF access channel probe sequence back-off range MAX_REQ_SEQ - max. no. of access probe sequence for an Access channel request. MAX_RSP_SEQ max. no. of access probe sequence for an access channel response

C. Access Channel Parameters for MS 1. 2. MAX_CAP_SZ - max. access channel message capsule size PAM_SZ access channel preamble length

NEIGHBOR LIST MESSAGE contains the list of mobiles in the neighboring sector including their PN offsets PAGING MESSAGE the message contains the page to a particular MS or to a group of MS

TRAFFIC CHANNEL used to transmit user voice and data including the signaling messages

I pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

Walsh code ( 1.228 Mcps ) Traffic Channel Bits 1.2 kbps 2.4 kbps 4.8 kbps 9.6 kbps 800 bps Conv. Encoder () 2.4 kbps 4.8 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps Symbol repetition 19.2 kbps For each Data rate Bit Interleaver 19.2 kbps For each Data rate MUX BBF

D
To QPSK modulator

BBF 1.228 kbps 800 Hz Decimate

Long code mask As a function of each User ESN

Long Code Generator

Decimate

Q pilot PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

1.228 kbps

19.2 kbps

MODULATOR A B C D1 Dn
Gain Control Gain Control Gain Control Gain Control Gain Control

Cos(2IIft) s(t)

a b c d1 dn

Gain Control Gain Control Gain Control Gain Control Gain Control

Sin(2IIft)

* The gain of each traffic channel is dynamically changing controlled by the forward power control process

Reverse Link Channel supports 2 types of logical channels: Access and Traffic channel. Walsh codes are not used for channelization but as modulator. Long code PN sequences are used to identify each user. Access Channel used by MS to communicate with BTS prior to the assignment of a traffic channel. MS will use this channel for call origination, response to paging and orders from the BTS. BB data rate at 4.8 kbps.

I channel PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

Access Channel Bits 4.8 kbps

1.228 Mcps Conv. Encoder ( 1/3 ) 64-ary orthogonal modulator

BBF

Symbol repetition

Bit Interleaver

PN chip delay *

To QPSK modulator

14.4 kbps

28.8 kbps

28.8 kbps

BBF

Long code mask As a function of each User ESN

Long Code Generator

1.228 kbps Q channel PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps )

* Purpose of Delay is to make sure that QPSK signal envelope will not collapse to zero since the MS amplifier is small and limited in performance

Access Channel Frame Structure

ACCESS CHANNEL SLOT

20 ms 96 bits ( 88 INFO/8 TAIL BITS)

( 1 + PAM_SZ ) + ( 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ ) frames

ACCESS CHANNEL FRAME ACCESS CHANNEL FRAME ACCESS CHANNEL FRAME

( 1 + PAM_SZ ) frames

CAP_SZ frames

ACCESS CHANNEL PREAMBLE

Where the message resides CAP_SZ > ( 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ )

TRAFFIC CHANNEL like the forward, in the reverse link, it is also used to transmit user voice and data including the signaling messages

I channel PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps ) 1.228 Mcps Traffic Channel Conv. Bits 64-ary Burst Symbol Bit Encoder Orthogonal randomizer repetition Interleaver modulator 1.2 kbps ( 1/3 ) 2.4 kbps 3.6 kbps 28.8 kbps 28.8 kbps 4.8 ksps 4.8 kbps 7.2 kbps For each For each (307 kcps) 9.6 kbps 14.4 kbps Data rate Data rate 28.8 kbps Long code mask As a function of each User ESN Long Code Generator BBF

PN chip delay *

To QPSK modulator

BBF

Q channel PN sequence ( 1.228 Mcps ) 1.228 Mcps

Data Burst Randomizer when vocoder rate is less than 9.6 kbps, it will pseudorandomly mask out individual PCG.

20 ms
1 PCG (1.25 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Data Burst Randomizer

Operating on 2.4 kbps frame

TRAFFIC CHANNEL FORMATS FL and RL

9.6 kbps frame ( 20 ms )

Information bits ( 172 bits )

12 frame qty Indicator bits

8 encoder tail bits

4.8 kbps frame ( 20 ms )

Information bits ( 80 bits )

8 frame qty Indicator bits

8 encoder tail bits

2.4 kbps frame ( 20 ms )

Information bits ( 40 bits )

8 encoder tail bits

1.2 kbps frame ( 20 ms )

Information bits ( 16 bits )

8 encoder tail bits

As mentioned earlier, voice, data and signaling are sent via the traffic channels. The system can multiplex primary And secondary on the same traffic channel using the following techniques: Blank and Burst the entire traffic frame is used only to send only secondary data or send only signaling data. The secondary or signaling data effectively blanks out primary data. Dim and Burst - the traffic frame is used to send primary and secondary data or send both primary and signaling data. Note: These techniques are only used for the traffic frames at full rate.

Forward Link - while MS is engaged in a call, BTS may send information on the forward traffic channel using the multiplexing discussed. May send one or more traffic frames for a particular message. Messages sent on the forward traffic channel: 1. In-traffic system parameters message contains important system parameters configuration such as the current handoff parameters the MS should use. A. T_ADD pilot detection threshold B. T_DROP pilot drop threshold C. T_COMP active versus candidate set comparison threshold D. T_TDROP drop timer value E. SEARCH_WIN_A search window size for active and candidate set F. SEARCH_WIN_R search window size for remaining set G. SEARCH_WIN_N search window size for neighbor set H. NEIGHBOR_MAX_AGE neighbor set max. age 2. Handoff Direction Message contains information needed by the MS to commence communication with another BTS/s sent by the existing BTS. A. PILOT_PN pilot PN sequence offset index B. PWR_COMB_IND power-control symbol combining indicator C. CODE_CHAN code channel index indicating which Walsh functions to use for the new traffic channel additional updates from the BTS in the handoff direction message: a. HDM_SEQ handoff direction message sequence number b. T_ADD c. T_DROP d. T_COMP e. T_TDROP f. SEARCH_WIN_A 3. Neighbor List Update Message updates the MS with list of neighbors. Contains NGHBR_PN parameter and power control parameters messages. (see overhead messages)

Reverse Link while the MS is communicating with the BTS on the traffic channel, MS may send information/messages while the traffic channel is active. - MS send signaling information using the multiplexing technique discussed earlier using 1 or more traffic channels frames.

Messages sent by the MS: Pilot Signal Strength Message informing the BTS of the measured signal strength for each member of its active and candidate set. A. PILOT_PN_PHASE pilot measured phase B. PILOT_STRENGTH pilot signal strength Power Measurement Report Message sent back to the BTS to report error statistics measured on the forward link. The message is used by the BTS for power control on the forward link. A. ERRORS_DETECTED number of frame errors detected B. PWR_MEAS_FRAMES number of forward traffic frames in the measurement period C. PILOT_STRENGTH pilot strength measured for each member of the active set. Handoff Completion Message sent back to the BTS to report that the MS has completed the handoff specified in the previous handoff direction message. A. LAST_HDM_SEQ handoff direction message sequence number that corresponds to the HDM_SEQ field from the handoff direction message that determined the current active set. B. PILOT_PN pilot PN sequence offset for each member of the active set.

1.

2.

3.