SUPRARENAL GLANDS

AHMAD AMINUDDIN

SUPRARENAL GLANDS

EACH ADRENAL GLAND - 3 5 cm height. - 1 cm thick. - 2 3 cm width. - 3,5 5 g weight. CONSIST OF - cotex 80 90 % of the gland. - medulla. HORMONES - cortex ; steroid hormone. - medulla ; norepinephrine. epinephrine. dopamine.

SUPRARENAL GLANDS
#LOCATED BETWEEN THE SUPERO MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE KIDNEYS AND THE DIAPHRAGM,ATTACHED TO THE CRURA OF THE DIAPHRAGM GY RENAL FASCIA. #THE SHAPE PYRAMYDAL RIGHT GLAND. - CRESCENT LEFT GLAND. #HAS TWO PART - THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX - FROM MESODERM. - THE SUPRARENAL MEDULLA - FROM NEURAL CREST CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYST

THE SUPRARENAL ARTERIES AND VEINS

SUPERIOR SUPRARENAL A from - inferior phrenic a. MIDDLE SUPRARENAL A. from - abdominal aorta. INFERIOR SUPRARENAL A. from - renal a. RIGHT SUPRARENAL V. drain to - I.V.C. LEFT SUPRARENAL V. drain to - left renal v.

LYMPHATICS AND NERVES OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS

LYMPHATICS DRAIN TO THE LUMBAR LYMPH NODES. NERVE SUPPLY FROM THE CELIAC PLEXUS AND ABDOMINOPELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES. PRESYNAPTIC SYMPATETHETIC FIBERS, MAINLY DERIVED FROM THE INTERMEDIOLATERAL CELL COLUMN OF GRAY MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD (T10L1) TRAVERSE BOTH THE PARAVER TEBRAL AND THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGL WITHOUT SYNAPSE, THEN TO THE CHROMAFIN CELLS IN THE SUPRARENAL MEDULLA.

ADRENAL CORTEX

ZONA GLOMERULOSA - mineralocorticoids ( mainly aldosteron ) ZONA FASCICULATA - glucocorticoids ZONA RETICULARIS - androgens

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

ALDOSTERONE - REGULATES HOMEOSTASIS OF Na+ AND K +. - HELP ADJUST BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD VOLUME. - PROMOTES EXCRETION OF H - IN THE URINE.

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

REGULATE METABOLISM AND RESISTENCE TO STRESS. INCLUDE : - CORTISOL ( HYDROCORTISONE ). - CORTICOSTERONE. - CORTISONE

CONTROLE OF GLUCOCORTICOID

EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

PROTEIN BREAKDOWN - mainly in muscle fibers - increase aminoacid in the blood stream. - aminoacid may be used for synthesis of new protein or for ATP production. GLUCOSE FORMATION - upon stimulation by glucocorticoids, liver cells may convert certain aminoacids or lactic acid to glucose, which - neuron and other cells can use for ATP production.

EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

LIPOLYSIS the breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood. RESISTANCE TO STRESS - the additional glucose supplied by liver cells provides tissues with a ready source ATP to combat a range of stresses. - glucocorticoids makes blood vessels more sensitive to other hormones that cause vasoconstriction

EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

ANTI INFLAMATORY EFFECTS - inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflamatory responses. - retard tissue repair. - very usefull in the teatment of chronic inflamatory disorders ( rheumatoid arthritis ). DEPRESSION OF IMMUNE RECPONSES - prescribed for organ transplant recipients to retard tissue ejection.

ANDROGEN

In males and females, the adrenal cortex secretes smallamount of weak androgen. Adrenal glands secrete ; dehydroepiandrosteron. In female, promote libido, and are converted into estrogen by other tissue. After menopause, all female estrogen come from conversion of adrenal androgen. Adrenal androgen - stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair. - contribute to pubertal growth spurt. Control of secretion ; ACTH.

MEDULLA

A MODIFIED SYMPATHETIC GANGLION. THE HORMONE - PRODUCING CELL, CALLED CHROMAFFIN CELLS, ARE INNERVATED BY SYMPATHETIC PRE GANGLIONIC NEURON IN THE SPLANCHNIC NERVE. HORMONES ; EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE. CORTISOL INDUCES SYNTHESIS OF THE ENZYME NEEDED TO CONVERT NOR EPINEPHRINE TO EPINEPHRINE.

THE HORMONES OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS

THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX, secretes corticosteroids and androgens, these hormon cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water in response to stress, increasing the blood volume and blood pressure. They also affect muscles and organ such as heart and lungs. THE SUPRARENAL MEDULLA, secretes cathecholamines ( mostly epinephrine ) in response to the signals from presynaptic neuron. Epinephrine and norepinephrine activate the body to a flight-or fight status inresponse to traumatic stress. They also - increase heart rate and blood pressure. - dilatate the bronchiolus. - change blood flow patterns,preparing for physical exertion