BASIC LAWS

Ohms Law
Kirchhoffs Law
Series resistors & voltage division
Parallel resistors & current division
Y - A transformation
Ohms Law
Property of a material to resist a flow of current known as resistance
A
l
R =
- measured in ohms (O)

- Resistivity of the material

l
- length of the material
A
- Cross section area of the material
Mathematically,
+ V
i
Ohms Law
Ohmss Law: A voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to
the current flowing through a resistor
+ V
i
v i
Constant of proportionality between v and i is the resistance, R (O)
v = i R
Must comply with passive sign convention
Ohms Law
Fixed resistors
Wirewound type
carbontype type
Ohms Law
Variable resistors
Ohms Law
Two extreme values of resistance:
Short circuit
Open circuit
0
i
0
i
v
R = = =
= = =
o
v
i
v
R
Ohms Law
Conductance: reciprocal of resistance
v
i
R
1
G = = - measured in siemens (S)
Conductance: ability of an element to conduct current
Ohms Law
Power in a Resistor
vi p =
+ V
i
R i i ) iR ( p
2
= =
R
v
)
R
v
( v p
2
= =
Always absorbs power
Always positive
Kirchhoffs Law
Network topology
A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
Kirchhoffs Law
Network topology
A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.
Kirchhoffs Law
Network topology
A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Kirchhoffs Law
Network topology
Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively
share a single node and consequently share the same
current
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them
1O & 2O - parallel
10V & 4O - parallel
5O in series with (1O and 2 O in parallel)
Kirchhoffs Law
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum
of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero
0
1
=

=
N
n
n
i Mathematically,
Kirchhoffs Law
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum
of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
Mathematically,
0
1
=

=
M
m
n
v