Scribd Logo
Загрузить

Добро пожаловать в Scribd!

  • Ohlone Revival of The Wetlands Crafts

    Загружено:

    Tanmeet_Gujral
    2K просмотров35 страниц
    For thousands of years, the Ohlone have been one of the many Native American tribes who call California their home. These hunters-gatherers-harvesters utilized a diverse range of plant, animal, and mineral resources for tools, containers, clothing, architectural materials, and in the making of ceremonial objects, as well as for medicinal purposes. For our project we have chosen to narrow our focus to one of the important natural resources for the Ohlone- the Tule or Hardstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus). This grass-like plant is an important part of the Ohlone culture and traditions, and is widely used by them in construction of houses, canoes, baskets, and more. But this bountiful resource saw decline with the arrival of the non-natives into the Californian economy. The objective of this paper/project is to reiterate the importance of this cultural and ecological keystone to the present generation, and showcase the efforts being made to revive the various arts and crafts associated with it. In the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the Lower Salinas Valley in the south, right up to the San Francisco Bay in the north. While the Pacific Ocean flanked them on the west, the Diablo Range gave them cover in the east. Almost fifty independent tribes or tribelets formed what was called the Ohlone or Costanoan People. They thrived in the bountiful natural resources that California provided, until the Spanish arrived in 1769 and the later arrival of Mexicans. They were the subjects of enslavement and exploitation at the hands of the newcomers who took advantage of the rich ecosystem. After California was acquired by the United States, these native people suffered further pains during the Gold Rush of 1848 and the subsequent arrival of immigrants from all over the world. The Ohlone numbers dwindled due to rampant disease, lack of access to their own resources, and being killed due to their ancestral traditions and methods being thought of as savage and dangerous. Thought of as extinct during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, today, many tribes ( such as the Muwekma) belonging to the Ohlone are fighting for recognition by the Federal Government. The Ohlone economy, culture, and traditions revolved around nature and local resources. Religion and social life were tightly interwoven with the nature that surrounded them. Rules and rites governed the hunting, gathering, and harvesting of food. Though most of the Ohlone economic culture was based on hunting-gathering, consumption, and trade of acorns and shellfish, these tasks would be difficult to undertake without the help of baskets and boats. Various species of tules provided raw material for making canoes, baskets for various purposes, mats, some forms of clothing, and also tipi-like homes. The tule was also used for consumption when it was young and green. But over the years, due to the destruction (by human and natural activity) of the marshlands that these plants thrive in, some of the varieties of tules have been marked as endangered. The survival of the tule marshes is important not only for the continuity of the Ohlone cultural and traditional practices, but also for environmental reasons, such as habitat conservation. The Ohlone people understood this delicate balance between human activity and the surrounding ecology. Their ways of hunting, fishing, gathering food, and mining for minerals, all showed their knowledge of the land and nature, and their acceptance of its many whims and fancies. The Ohlone did not just hunt, gather, and harvest food; they actively tended the plants and animal populations on which they relied for food and other materials. An attempt at the revival of the tule crafts will not only provide an excellent way for the new generation of Ohlone descendants to learn about their traditions and faith, but also provide a way for us to incorporate the age old practices of the Ohlone Indians to our efforts of conserving the

    Оригинальное название

    OHLONE REVIVAL OF THE WETLANDS CRAFTS

    Авторское право

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Этот документ был вам полезен?

    Это неприемлемый материал?

    Пожаловаться на этот документ
    For thousands of years, the Ohlone have been one of the many Native American tribes who call California their home. These hunters-gatherers-harvesters utilized a diverse range of plant, animal, and mineral resources for tools, containers, clothing, architectural materials, and in the making of ceremonial objects, as well as for medicinal purposes. For our project we have chosen to narrow our focus to one of the important natural resources for the Ohlone- the Tule or Hardstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus). This grass-like plant is an important part of the Ohlone culture and traditions, and is widely used by them in construction of houses, canoes, baskets, and more. But this bountiful resource saw decline with the arrival of the non-natives into the Californian economy. The objective of this paper/project is to reiterate the importance of this cultural and ecological keystone to the present generation, and showcase the efforts being made to revive the various arts and crafts associated with it. In the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the Lower Salinas Valley in the south, right up to the San Francisco Bay in the north. While the Pacific Ocean flanked them on the west, the Diablo Range gave them cover in the east. Almost fifty independent tribes or tribelets formed what was called the Ohlone or Costanoan People. They thrived in the bountiful natural resources that California provided, until the Spanish arrived in 1769 and the later arrival of Mexicans. They were the subjects of enslavement and exploitation at the hands of the newcomers who took advantage of the rich ecosystem. After California was acquired by the United States, these native people suffered further pains during the Gold Rush of 1848 and the subsequent arrival of immigrants from all over the world. The Ohlone numbers dwindled due to rampant disease, lack of access to their own resources, and being killed due to their ancestral traditions and methods being thought of as savage and dangerous. Thought of as extinct during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, today, many tribes ( such as the Muwekma) belonging to the Ohlone are fighting for recognition by the Federal Government. The Ohlone economy, culture, and traditions revolved around nature and local resources. Religion and social life were tightly interwoven with the nature that surrounded them. Rules and rites governed the hunting, gathering, and harvesting of food. Though most of the Ohlone economic culture was based on hunting-gathering, consumption, and trade of acorns and shellfish, these tasks would be difficult to undertake without the help of baskets and boats. Various species of tules provided raw material for making canoes, baskets for various purposes, mats, some forms of clothing, and also tipi-like homes. The tule was also used for consumption when it was young and green. But over the years, due to the destruction (by human and natural activity) of the marshlands that these plants thrive in, some of the varieties of tules have been marked as endangered. The survival of the tule marshes is important not only for the continuity of the Ohlone cultural and traditional practices, but also for environmental reasons, such as habitat conservation. The Ohlone people understood this delicate balance between human activity and the surrounding ecology. Their ways of hunting, fishing, gathering food, and mining for minerals, all showed their knowledge of the land and nature, and their acceptance of its many whims and fancies. The Ohlone did not just hunt, gather, and harvest food; they actively tended the plants and animal populations on which they relied for food and other materials. An attempt at the revival of the tule crafts will not only provide an excellent way for the new generation of Ohlone descendants to learn about their traditions and faith, but also provide a way for us to incorporate the age old practices of the Ohlone Indians to our efforts of conserving the

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    2K просмотров35 страниц

    Ohlone Revival of The Wetlands Crafts

    Загружено:

    Tanmeet_Gujral
    For thousands of years, the Ohlone have been one of the many Native American tribes who call California their home. These hunters-gatherers-harvesters utilized a diverse range of plant, animal, and mineral resources for tools, containers, clothing, architectural materials, and in the making of ceremonial objects, as well as for medicinal purposes. For our project we have chosen to narrow our focus to one of the important natural resources for the Ohlone- the Tule or Hardstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus). This grass-like plant is an important part of the Ohlone culture and traditions, and is widely used by them in construction of houses, canoes, baskets, and more. But this bountiful resource saw decline with the arrival of the non-natives into the Californian economy. The objective of this paper/project is to reiterate the importance of this cultural and ecological keystone to the present generation, and showcase the efforts being made to revive the various arts and crafts associated with it. In the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the Lower Salinas Valley in the south, right up to the San Francisco Bay in the north. While the Pacific Ocean flanked them on the west, the Diablo Range gave them cover in the east. Almost fifty independent tribes or tribelets formed what was called the Ohlone or Costanoan People. They thrived in the bountiful natural resources that California provided, until the Spanish arrived in 1769 and the later arrival of Mexicans. They were the subjects of enslavement and exploitation at the hands of the newcomers who took advantage of the rich ecosystem. After California was acquired by the United States, these native people suffered further pains during the Gold Rush of 1848 and the subsequent arrival of immigrants from all over the world. The Ohlone numbers dwindled due to rampant disease, lack of access to their own resources, and being killed due to their ancestral traditions and methods being thought of as savage and dangerous. Thought of as extinct during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, today, many tribes ( such as the Muwekma) belonging to the Ohlone are fighting for recognition by the Federal Government. The Ohlone economy, culture, and traditions revolved around nature and local resources. Religion and social life were tightly interwoven with the nature that surrounded them. Rules and rites governed the hunting, gathering, and harvesting of food. Though most of the Ohlone economic culture was based on hunting-gathering, consumption, and trade of acorns and shellfish, these tasks would be difficult to undertake without the help of baskets and boats. Various species of tules provided raw material for making canoes, baskets for various purposes, mats, some forms of clothing, and also tipi-like homes. The tule was also used for consumption when it was young and green. But over the years, due to the destruction (by human and natural activity) of the marshlands that these plants thrive in, some of the varieties of tules have been marked as endangered. The survival of the tule marshes is important not only for the continuity of the Ohlone cultural and traditional practices, but also for environmental reasons, such as habitat conservation. The Ohlone people understood this delicate balance between human activity and the surrounding ecology. Their ways of hunting, fishing, gathering food, and mining for minerals, all showed their knowledge of the land and nature, and their acceptance of its many whims and fancies. The Ohlone did not just hunt, gather, and harvest food; they actively tended the plants and animal populations on which they relied for food and other materials. An attempt at the revival of the tule crafts will not only provide an excellent way for the new generation of Ohlone descendants to learn about their traditions and faith, but also provide a way for us to incorporate the age old practices of the Ohlone Indians to our efforts of conserving the

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 35

    OHLONE REVIVAL OF THE WETLANDS CRAFTS

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bgG1laWbfA4/UIdnRHuJJHI/AAAAAAAACd0/9cl1upsQmhg/s640/IMG_0989.JPG

    Presented By: Tanmeet Gujral, Jennifer Smith, Rebecca Bucaro, Solomon Cooper

    Who Are the Ohlone?


    The Ohlone or the Costanoan Indians belong to the Central and Northern California. They are not a big tribe like the Hopi or the Navaho, but consist of many smaller independent tribelets as can be seen on the map. More about the Ohlone timeline1. Their Today 2. History- Spanish Arrival 3. Early Anglo Settlement 4. Their Future
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ohlone_villages.png

    1. Ohlone People Today


    Ohlone people of today live energetically in the present, but have a deeply felt spiritual connection to the past. Hundreds of people currently in California can trace their heritage to East Bay Ohlone and Miwok Indians. Include both working class and professional people. Some are involved in issues relating to their heritage
    Some monitor construction sites and decide what to do when Ohlone artifacts and skeletal remains are discovered. Research undertaken by some is helping revive native languages and traditions.

    Image: by Jennifer Smith; Location: Ohlone Festival, Fremont, CA

    2. Their History- Spanish Arrival


    Before the Spanish Conquest The Costanoan or the Ohlone, inhabited the Monterey County as early as 8000 years ago. Many smaller tribelets existed differentiated by their languages. The Arrival of the Spanish in late 1700s Spanish Missions were formed that sought to convert the Ohlone to Christianity. Cattle ranching industry took hold in the area. Natives were forced into slavery European disease caused populations of Ohlone to decline.
    http://www.alta-california.com/cartes%20historiques/images/alta-california.com%20tribus%20indiennes%20de%20Californie.gif

    3. Early Anglo Settlement


    Gold rush and the arrival of immigrants from all over the world caused further decline in population. Negative Stereotyping

    http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/113cbef23b11c3af893 6e0e1c9c49b35_1M.png

    referred to as savages

    Native medicine men were thought to be evil Loss of property and resources

    to to to to

    the the the the

    American settlers cattle ranchers mining industry railroad industry

    Sent to reservations and Missions


    to turn to Christianity to become civilized

    http://earlynativehistory.files.wordpress.com/20 10/04/missionneophytes-supplicate1.jpg

    4. Their Future

    Gain Federal Recognition Building relationships between the tribe and communities in the city (Bay Area). Instilling California Indian pride in a new generation.

    It isnt for glory. It isnt for self promotion. It is for the benefit of our people not just Ohlone, but all California Indians, that we are in control of our history, our present our destiny. The time is now. - Quoted from Being Ohlone in the 21st Century

    Ohlone language revitalization: Green Acorns and Salmon! http://ohlone.tumblr.com/post/24419028643/ohlo ne-language-revitalization-green-acorns-and

    Culture and Traditions

    Image: http://www.kqed.org/assets/img/arts/blog/ohlone.jpg

    An introduction to the Ohlone Life: 1. Lifestyle 2. Religion and ceremonies 3. Storytelling & Language 4. Crafts and trade (1 & 2)

    1. Lifestyle

    Known for their generosity and willingness to help even the Spanish invaders Community helping each other Sustainability used the areas resources; had controlled burns Fixed villages but moved temporarily with seasonal changes.
    Tule houses Redwood bark houses

    Images: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote creek state park, Fremont, CA

    2. Religion and Ceremonies

    Respected nature and lived in harmony with it as they perceived Nature, in the form of spirits, had influence over their lives Festivals to celebrate cultivating and harvesting Marriage and Death ceremonies Shamans - healers

    http://www.simplehedonisms.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/IMG_3592.jpg

    http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/11/13/24/2405678/7/628x471.jpg

    3. Storytelling & Language

    Images: by Jeniffer Smith; Location: Ohlone Festival, Fremont, CA

    Storytelling - told of their tribal culture


    Coyote folklore Song of the Blind Man

    Languages/Dialects Costanoan
    Past around 8 to 10 languages or dialects - tribes thought to have been able to understand each other Present around 3-4 languages left

    4. Crafts and Trade (1)

    Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location- Ohlone Festival, Fremont, CA

    Weaving and twinningBaskets, trays, mats, utensils, rope, etc Crafts made for gifts; storing and gathering; trade; ceremonies Bone and feather crafts- necklaces, pendants, earrings, belts, clothes, cloaks, head-dresses

    Rattle for Ceremony made with deer toes and bone


    Image: by Jennifer Smith; Location- Ohlone Festival, Fremont, CA

    4. Crafts and Trade (2)


    Basket Making

    Basketry was a womans daily task; gathered around to make baskets; women who did not know basket weaving were thought to be possessed by evil Baskets and crafts of a tribelet were different from those of other tribelets in patterns, weave, designs; followed tradition of the tribelet. Ohlone Baskets are scarce due to the traditions of burning personal possessions with the dead.

    http://museumca.org/node/1209/photos#

    http://shsthirdgrade.pbworks.com/f/1343162309/basket.jpg

    The Ohlone, The Wetlands, and Tule


    A look at how the wetlands were and are still important for the Ohlone and why their restoration is important. The Cultural Importance of the Wetlands Wetlands- Hunting and Harvesting Wetlands- Material Sourcing Tule- and Important Wetland Plant Tule Boats or Balsas; Tule Huts and Homes; and Tule Crafts Ecological Importance of Tule wetlands Loss of wetlands and its impact on the ecology and the Ohlone Restoration and Reclamation of the wetlands through revival of the Ohlone Tule crafts.
    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-agNEHCVJu_U/TzlR1c4NqUI/AAAAAAAAAT8/2rIpd7BpcrA/s1600/Ohlone+Indian.JPG

    The Cultural Importance of the Wetlands


    They had an intimate connection to the land, living with it rather than on it Tule wetlands were used as a building material for the Ohlone Culture Cottonwood, sycamores, and willows were grown there Salinas/salt ponds- these were mainly found next to tidal marshes

    [Image: A wetlands blessing ceremony (left)- http://eco-

    psychology.com/Blog/?tag=comm unity-ceremony]

    Wetlands- Hunting and Harvesting

    Hunting

    Images: by Jeniffer Smith; Location: Ohlone Festival, Fremont, CA

    HarvestingTuleAcorns

    Tule elk and other deer Pronghorn antelope that no longer inhabit the San Francisco and Monterey Bay regions. fishing for salmon, trout and abalone

    main dietary supplement everyone in the tribe collected Stored for winter

    Wild Rice- brown/wild rice

    Wetlands- Material Sourcing


    Plant Sources Nuts and Seeds Tules and Bulrush Reeds and Cattails Arroyo Willow and Sedge Berries and Fruits Bulbs and soaproot Animal Sources Tule elk and Pronghorn Antelope (not found in the wild anymore) Squirrels, hares, and rats Quail and waterfowl (geese, ducks, swans) Fox and coyotes
    http://www.primitiveways.com/Ohlone%20Peoples5.html

    Image: by Jeniffer Smith; Location: Ohlone Festival, Fremont, CA

    Tule- and Important Wetland Plant


    Tule- Schoenoplectus acutus:

    http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/tule.jpeg

    Tule grows in wetlands or areas of seasonal flooding. The interior of each long Tule stem is filled with spongy tissue packed with air cells. It is the pithy interior of the tule stem that makes it such a unique and useful form of water transportation. Tule boats, or Tule balsas, were used by California Natives to travel across inlets, deep marshes, lakes and bays.

    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Schoenoplectusacutus.jpg/250px-Schoenoplectusacutus.jpg

    Tule Ethnobotany
    In Central California, Tules were made into: Houses- with willow frameworks and Tule mat thaches baskets - from loose berry baskets to water carriers (Yokuts); clothing - Pomo 'grass' skirts and leggings to Yurok sun visors; mats - to thatch a house or sit on, or rolled up for storage; dolls and toys - slings, quivers, swaddling clothes, arrow skippers; Tule Bittern Bird Toys by Luwana Quitiquit http://newsblaze.com/photo/20 080225/pomo-bitterns_jpg

    balsa boats and rafts - from one man floats to small islands;
    duck decoys - plain, painted, and feather covered. [http://www.primitiveways.com/tule_ethnobotan y.html]
    http://newsblaze.com/photo/20080225/pomo-tule-toys_jpg

    Tule Boats or Balsas (1)

    Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote Hills State Park, Fremont, ca

    Tule boats, or Tule balsas, were used by California Natives to travel across inlets, deep marshes, lakes and bays. Building the boat began by first harvesting the Tule and then drying it for 2-3 weeks. Rope making was an important part of boat construction. Rope was made from nettle fiber, twisted hemp, wild grape vine, and twisted cattails.

    Tule Boats or Balsas (2)

    Indians in Tule Boat - San Francisco Bay by Louis Choris

    Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote Hills State Park, Fremont, ca

    How to make a miniature Tule Boat

    Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote Hills State Park, Fremont, ca

    Tule Huts and Homes (1)


    The need to build temporary structure according to weather and availability of resources made Tule huts a great idea. Suitable for the moderate Bay Area climate, and they were skillfully made Tule dwelling could be built up in a few hours, especially if a framework of willow poles was left in place, and could later be deserted with little loss.

    Tule tends to rot quickly, and is not suitable for permanent structures.
    http://www.primitiveways.com/Image3/tule-house58.jpg

    Tule Huts and Homes (2)

    Willow frame for the Tule hut

    Almost Done

    Finished Hut

    Gathering Tule with deer bone saw.

    The inside

    [Tule House project-http://www.primitiveways.com/Tule%20house7.html]

    Tule Crafts (1)


    Tule Mats Arrow Quivers

    http://www.primitiveways.com/Image3/Tule%20mat_2.jpg

    http://www.primitiveways.com/

    Gathering Baskets

    http://www.primitiveways.com/ Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote Hills State Park, Fremont, ca

    Tule Crafts (2)


    Tule Duck Decoy
    Tule Dolls

    http://www.ccmuseum.org/images/tuleduck/Wuzzie-Duck.jpg

    http://newsblaze.com/photo/20080225/pomo-tule-toys_jpg

    Tule Bittern

    Tule Sun Visors

    http://newsblaze.com/photo/20080225/pomo-bitterns_jpg

    http://www.earthenexposure.com/primitivetechnology/misc.htm

    Ecological Importance of Tule Wetlands

    http://baynature.org/articles/the-once-and-future-delta/

    Tule and other varieties of bulrush/ reeds provide food, shelter, and nesting habitat to wetland inhabitants Encourage sediment deposition- provide building blocks for ecosystem Tule and fish- provide food and refuge for small and young fish of many species Tule acts as a buffer against wind and water forces for indigenous species survival Agriculture and cattle grazing- introduction of invasive plant species; loss of native plants and animals Loss of Tule and marshes to diking, draining, and filling

    Marshes and Wetlands- Ecology


    Habitat and Ecology

    Special frog habitat Tidal salt water marsh

    Waterfowl- this includes geese, ducks, and swans At least 29 species of fish, numerous birds and mammals, even the occasional whale and grizzly bear. Plants- Tule, Folk Lore (hemp) but is not a cannabis, and Arroyo Willow
    http://www.wildlifeheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/shutterstock_68429200640x426.jpg http://www.dreamstime.com/california-wetlands-thumb11963841.jpg

    Loss of Wetlands to Modernization

    http://www.brucefarnsworth.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=1000 0&s=17&p=3&a=0&at=0

    http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repository/calag/img4906p30.jpg

    Wetlands Loss = Habitat Loss

    http://scc.ca.gov/15wetlands/

    Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote Hills State Park, Fremont, ca

    Image: by Tanmeet Gujral; Location: Coyote Hills State Park, Fremont, ca

    Wetlands Loss = Loss of Access to Cultural Resources

    http://museumca.org/files/imagecache/98x70/photos/11/ LYamaneGatheringOlivellasFeb2010Sized4OMCA.jpg

    http://mntoday.mprnews.org/files/2012/09/ap0608300361031-_custom-92fef3d883240b23ee0c348f2434e74682efccb2s3.jpeg

    lack of Federal recognition of the various Tribes still active in California elimination of plant-gathering sites by development lack of access to gathering sites that still exist spraying of herbicides and pesticides in gathering areas replacement of native baskets by metal and plastic ones of modern day. demands of family life and the struggle to make a living has led the Indians away from traditional crafts

    Wetlands Loss = Loss of Native Wetland Practices

    Ancient know-how passed from generation to generation by gathering and hunting in the same areas where ancestors did Slash and burn old marshes to encourage new growth, easier access to food, reduced incidence of natural fires.

    http://www.lospaseos.mhu.k12.ca.us/5thweb/coyote2006/images/fishermen.jpg

    http://www.a-state-of-change.com/images2/Marsh-burning.jpg

    Reviving the Wetlands and Tule


    Conservation of Wetlands By reconnecting the flow of water from the bay to the marshes Through projects such as the South Bay Salt Pond (SBSP) Restoration Project and the California Wetlands Project that monitors many smaller such projects.

    Restored wetland in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area (Dave Feliz, DFG)

    South Bay Salt Ponds Restoration

    Ohlone Efforts for Restoration


    The Ohlone are today involved with the EPA and the various wetlands restoration projects around the Bay Area They lend their ancient knowledge and experience in managing these marshlands for protecting them.

    http://cityofwatsonville.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/restoration-1-450x281.jpg

    http://www.watsonvillewetlandswatch.org/eNewsletters/201203/201203Newsle tter_files/WorldWetlandsDay1.jpg

    Informative Events to Educate


    Museums- focused exhibits and artifacts Events- Ohlone day, dance fests, basketry events, etc Hands on demosinvite non-Ohlone people to experience the culture, traditions and crafts; generate more interest

    http://ohloneprofiles.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/OhloneProfilesOCT2012events2.jpg

    References

    Ohlone Cultural Revival in San Francisco. (n.d.). World Arts West. Retrieved September 10, 2012, from http://worldartswest.org/main/ohlone.asp Tribal History- Recognition Process. (n.d.). Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area. Retrieved September 10, 2012, from http://www.muwekma.org/tribalhistory/recognitionprocess.html Jennings, C. (n.d.). After hundreds of years, Ohlone Indians return home to Bay Area | abc7news.com. ABC Owned Television Stations. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/assignment_7&id=8157214 Pritzker, Barry M. (2012). Costanoan. In The American Mosaic: The American Indian Experience. Retrieved September 19, 2012, from http://americanindian2.abcclio.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/ Baylands Ecosystem Habitat Goals Report. (n.d.). Bay Area Ecosystems Climate Change Consortium (BAECCC. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from http://baeccc.org/ tzinflas. (n.d.). Makin the Tule Boat. Ohlone Profiles. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from http://ohloneprofiles.org/ Field, L., Leventhal, A., Sanchez, D., & Cambra, R. (1992). A Contemporary Ohlone Tribal Revitalization Movement: A Perspective from the Muwekma Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco Bay Area. California History, 71(3), 412-431.

    References

    Galvan, P. (1968). People of the West: The Ohlone Story. Indian Historian, 1(2), 9-13. Johnson, K. L. (1997). The Ohlone, Past and Present: Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region. Ethnohistory, 44(3), 588-590. Kaufman, D. (2008). Rumsen Ohlone Folklore: Two Tales. Journal of Folklore Research, 45(3), 383-391. Ramirez, L. (2011). Festival of Storytelling. News From Native California, 25(1), 16-18. Solano, I., Lothrop, G., & Villanueva Guerrero, S. (1993). Reminiscences of a Princess: Isadora Solano. Californians, 11(3), 24-28. Skowronek, R. K. (1998). Sifting the Evidence: Perceptions of Life at the Ohlone (Costanoan) Missions of Alta California. Ethnohistory, 45(4), 675. Wildesen, L. E. (1969). The Notes of an Archaeologist: Ohlone Indian Prehistory. Indian Historian, 2(1), 25-28. Harper, D. (February 11, 2010). Tale of Creation [Blog Post]. Retrieved from http://www.danielharper.org/blog/?p=6348. Ohlone Languages. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanoan_languages

    Вам также может понравиться