Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
purposes of writing: 1. to get things done. 2.to inform. 3.to persuade. 4.to maintain relationships. 5.to document occurences, events,etc. 6.to record feeling, experiences, observations. etc.
types of writing: 1.narration - story, autobiography, science fiction, etc. 2.description - details of people, places, things, concepts, etc. 3.exposition - explanation, factual information, instruction, etc. 4.persuasion - advertisements, political essays, brochures,etc. 5.argumentation - opinions,discussions, evaluations, etc.
what a writer needs to know. 1.subject matter - Writer need to have relevant information about the topic. 2.purpose - Writer must have a clear purpose for writing. This will affect the way he writes. 3.interaction and a sense of audience - A writer needs to know that writing involves interaction. He needs to know who he is writing for.
4.language - A writes needs a repertoire of language adequate for his needs. This involve not only knowing a range of sentence patterns & words, its also involve awareness of appropriacy in choice of register, stylistic variants in expressing ideas, knowledge of English idioms and so on. 5.conventions - Writing is a social activity & like most social activities,it has conventions that have to be followed.
6.thinking skills - A writer needs different kinds of thinking skills. He needs to discriminate what is important & what is nor, logics to carry through an argument, imagination & creativity. 7.organizational skills - Able to produce wellformed paragraphs with clear main ideas & supporting details, able to sequence ideas logically & produce coherent text using appropriate cohesive devices.
8.value systems - A writer lives by certain values & holds views about everything. These values & views affect the way a writer writes. 9.mechanics - A writer must know to write legibly, spell wordshe want to use, aware of the use of punctuation, etc. 10.the writing process - a writer needs to know the process a good writer goes through: selecting a topic, getting ideas, drafting, revising, editing, proof-reading, & publishing.
General Guidelines
Should focus on compositional aspects first before moving into technical aspects build interest, motivation and helps language development Learning mechanics and other writing convention for effective communicative writing example paragraphing, handwriting, etc Increase knowledge on grammar, vocab, sentence, construction, etc through listening and reading
Provide meaningful context for learning the mechanics of writing this helps them see the importance of good handwriting and spelling Use pupils own oral composition for giving insight into writing teaching short composition even before they could write Constantly keep the benefits of learning to write before them eg: importance of making shopping list Read to your pupils a variety of reading material Develops pupils natural curiosity and thinking skills encourage them to write something they want
Focus on developing visual memory for shapes of words recognize spelling error because they dont look right Develop relevant dictionary skills for self-help Focus in helping pupils devise ways of helping themselves to remember common but troublesome words (eg : mnemonics)
Spelling activities
Anagram words in scramble forms, students need to rearrange Building as many words as possible from one long word Missing letters disguised copying activity Puzzles crossword puzzles, word maze Dictation
Sentence Building
Purposes of sentences building Power to captivate entertain Power to motivate Educate Correct structure Flow of thought/idea A start for a longer piece of work
Principle
We can model many sentences to them - Recasting - Expansion Do not over do the correction Start from basic Start with writing something familiar Start with stories even they cannot write
DEVELOPMENT WRITING
Paragraph writing Grammar Text organization Dictation
Pre- writing
PROCESS APPROACH
Publication
Writing
Select topic
PRE-WRITING
Authentic topic The topic are close or related to the pupils life Brainstorming Listing Quick write Mind mapping Ideas are organized according to their importance in the essay/writing piece. The ideas are arranged in so that it will flow smoothly.
Generate ideas
Organize ideas
The pupils will create the draft according to the ideas gathered. After the first draft are done, it will be read by other pupils to get the feedback or any better ideas. The pupils will rewrite their essay according to the suitable feedbacks received. Do proof read to detect any mistake in the essay. The final editing to correct mistakes or adding and removing ideas will be done in this stage.
WRITING
Evaluating writing
Reasons:
To encourage pupils to continue making the efforts to write better. To point out areas needed to improve To appreciate the good points in pupils writing To show progress
Issues in evaluating:
Should all work be assessed?
Pedagogical usefulness Practicality
Who should evaluate and what should each evaluator role be?
Teacher evaluation Peer evaluation Students self-evaluation