Load / Power flow studies

Load-flow

studies are performed to determine the steady-state operation of an electric power system. It calculates the voltage drop on each feeder, the voltage at each bus, and the power flow in all branch and feeder circuits. To Determine if system voltages remain within specified limits under various contingency conditions, and whether equipment such as transformers and conductors are overloaded. Classical methods:
Gauss-Seidel method
Newton Raphson method Fast Decoupled method

Variables to be determined for each bus

For bus p various parameters are calculated as

Computational procedure for different bus types: Slack bus/ Reference bus:

for this bus both |V| and are known and P and Q are unknown.
Computation of slack bus power: the injected power at Slack bus is computed using
Where s- slack bus

 Load bus / PQ bus:

for this bus both P and Q are known, |V| and are unknown. Computation of voltage magnitude and phase angle: voltage magnitude and phase angle computed using

 Generator bus / PV bus / Voltage controlled bus: for this bus both P and |V| are known, Q and are unknown. Computation of Reactive power and voltage phase angle:

Computation of line flows:

Computation of power flow on each transmission line of network is the last step in power flow analysis. Consider the equivalent -model connecting the two busespq and q as I p
Ypq Bus p

of
Iqp

the
Bus q

line

Algorithm / Procedure for obtaining load flow solution using Gauss-seidel method:
Step:1 Read the given data i.e number of buses n, line admittances Yjk, slack bus voltage, load bus Ppand Qp, generator bus Pp,|Vp|spec, Qpmin,Qpmax. Step:2

Form YBUS matrix by direct inspection method i.e Yjk for j=1,2,.n and k=1,2,.n.
Step:3

Assume a suitable value called convergence criterion, here is the specified change in bus voltage i.e used to compare | |.

Step:4

Set iteration count K=0 and assume voltage profile of buses as (1+j0) p.u and denoted as V10,V20,V30,Vn0 except for slack bus. Step:5
Set bus count p=1 Step:6 Check for slack bus, if it is a slack bus then go to Step:13 otherwise go to next Step. Step:7 Check for generator bus, if it is a generator bus go to next Step otherwise go to Step :10

Step:10
For load bus is calculated by using

Step:13 Repeat Steps 6 to 13 until all the bus voltages have been computed

Step:15 Calculate slack bus power and line flows using bus voltages.