Huawei Wcdma

Wireless Curriculum Development Section
ISSUE
OWJ101105 WCDMA RNP
Repeater Planning
1.0
2
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Security Level: Internal
Review
repeaters are mainly used in areas where it
is difficult to extend the coverage, or used as
a low-cost solution for network construction.
This Slide first of all describes Repeater
types and main parameters, and then
discusses Repeater application planning and
analyses repeater application problems
3
Objectives
Repeater types and main parameters.
How to plan the application of
Repeater.
How to analyze repeater application
problems.
Upon completion of this course,you will be able to:
4
Course Contents

Introduction
Repeater Types and Main Parameters
Repeater Application Planning
Analysis of Repeater Application Problems
5
Introduction
Repeater has always been one of the methods to solve
special coverage in radio network applications.
Functionally it is an RF signal power amplifier. Repeaters
are used in microwave, GSM and CDMA system. In
general, repeaters are mainly used in areas where it is
difficult to extend the coverage, or used as a low-cost
solution for network construction.
6
Introduction
An RF repeater system includes a donor antenna for
communication with the donor NodeB, a repeater for filtering
and amplifying uplink and downlink signals and a service
antenna for transmitting and receiving subscriber signals within
repeater coverage area.
7
Introduction
These slides mainly include three parts:
Repeater types and main parameters: repeater main types, base
working principle and main parameters.
Repeater application planning: major application occasions, analysis
of major characteristics, antenna selection and installation, site
selection, neighbor cell planning and handover planning.
Analysis of repeater application problems: influences on network,
location service, RRM algorithms and repeater co-existence with
other systems.
8
Course Contents

Introduction
9
Based on the transmission link modes between NodeBs and
repeaters, repeaters can be classified into the following two types:
RF repeater
Optical fiber repeater
Based on the working channel bandwidth, repeaters can be
classified into the following two types:
Wideband repeater
Frequency selection repeater
10
RF repeater basic working principle:
11
RF repeater characteristics:
An RF repeater communicates with the donor NodeB through space
signal propagation, and no land transmission resources are
required;
There should be enough isolation between the donor antenna and
the service antenna, otherwise self-excitation will occur;
Due to the antenna isolation requirement, the rated maximum
transmit power is relatively low.
Avoid service antenna signals leaking into the donor antenna, a
directional antenna is usually adopted for outdoor coverage;
Signal around donor antenna should be relatively pure and stable
(line-of-sight transmission is satisfied and there is no big signal
fluctuation).
12
Fiber optical repeater basic working principle:
13
Fiber optical repeater characteristics:
An optical fiber repeater communicates with the donor NodeB via
optical fiber, so optical transmission resources are necessary;
An optical fiber repeater does not require antenna isolation;
The rated maximum transmit power of an optical fiber repeater is
relatively high
Directional antennas and omni antennas are both applicable to
optical fiber repeaters;
An optical fiber repeater implements unique selection of donor cell
signals and it can lead in dominant pilot signals to pilot pollution
areas.
14
List of parameters of wideband RF repeater:
15
Description of Major Parameters:
1. Maximum output power
The higher the output power of the repeater carrier frequency
is, the larger downlink capacity the repeater can provide.
Generally the maximum output power of an optical fiber
repeater is higher than that of an RF repeater.
2. Channel Bandwidth
The channel bandwidth of a WCDMA repeater is 1-2 carriers. A
repeater does not have to satisfy more carriers
16
3. Repeater Processing Delay
The internal processing delay of a repeater should be as small
as possible because the delay will exert negative effects on
WCDMA location service performance. Among the repeater
parameters, the processing delay should be less than 5us.
4. Noise figure
Noise figure refers to the difference between the input signal-
to-noise ratio and the output signal-to-noise ratio. In general,
the noise figure of a WCDMA repeater should be less than 5dB.
17
5. Characteristics of output spectrum
The output spectrum of a repeater should be close to the input
spectrum of a NodeB. If the output spectrum is not good
enough, the out-of-band suppression capability will be
insufficient. As a result, strong out-of-band emission will occur,
and thus interference will occur.

18
Course Contents

Introduction
19
Major Application Occasions of
Repeaters
Analysis of Major Characteristics
Repeater Antenna Selection and
Installation
Site Selection
Neighbor cell Planning
Repeater Handover Planning
20
Major Application Occasions of Repeaters

To expand the service range and remove coverage dead
zones;
Sparsely-populated rural areas, small towns, small
residential areas, low-cost coverage solution;
Along highways, railroads and tunnels, to improve the
coverage efficiency of specific areas;
Urban indoor environments with high penetration loss;
To enhance the dominant cell signal in multi-pilot areas to
remove pilot pollution
21
Repeaters
Installation
Site Selection
22
Analysis of Noise Introduction by Repeaters

D
o
P
LB
S
-R
e
p
P
L
R
e
p
-
U
E
NodeB
TMA(opt)
R
e
p
e
a
t
e
r
G_Ant
BS
G_Donar
Rep
G_Service
Rep
G_Rep
DL
&
G_Rep
UL
L_Cable
BS
23
Analysis of Noise Introduction by Repeaters
Isolation between donor antennas and service antennas CL_Rep
Do-Ser

Path loss from the repeater to UE PL
Rep-UE

Path loss from the repeater to the donor NodeB DoPL
BS-Rep

Noise figure of the service-end receiver of the repeater NF
Rep

The downlink gain of the repeater G_Rep
DL

The uplink gain of the repeater G_Rep
UL

Gain of service antenna of the repeater G_Service
Rep

Gain of donor antenna of the repeater G_Donar
Rep

Feeder cable loss between the repeater and the service antenna L_Cable
Ser-Rep

Feeder cable loss between the repeater and the donor antenna L_Cable
Do-Rep

The maximum uplink transmission power of the repeater Pmax_UL
Rep

The maximum downlink transmission power of the repeater Pmax_DL
Rep

The equivalent noise figure of the TTA port when a TTA is used NF
TMA

Noise figure of NodeB (top of cabinet) NF
BS

NodeB antenna gain G_Ant
BS

Feeder cable loss from the top of cabinet to the antenna (when there is a TTA (tower top amplifier), it is
the feeder cable loss from the top of cabinet to the TTA port)
L_Cable
BS

The maximum transmission power of NodeB (top of cabinet) Pmax
BS

Description Symbol
24
The rise of NodeB noise figure when no TMA:
Rep UL
Rep _ _

= A
BS
DoCL G CL G
Where,
DoCL
BS-Rep
refers to the coupling loss between the antenna
connector of the NodeB and the top of cabinet on the donor side of
the repeater, and it equals to DoPL
BS-Rep
- G_Ant
BS
- G_Donar
Rep
+
L_Cable
Do-Rep
.
( ) | |
( ) | | ( )
( ) ( )
BS BS
BS BS BS
BS BS BS BS
NF NF cable L CL G
NF NF cable L DoCL G
NF cable L DoCL G NF NF BS NF
Rep
Rep Rep UL
Rep UL Rep Rep
_ _ 1
_ Rep _ 1
_ Rep _ _
A + =
+ =
+ = A
25
Relationship between the rise of noise figure and (G_CL - L_cable
BS
)
when NF
BS
=NF
Rep
=3dB :

L_cable
BS
is an engineering parameter of the NodeB side, which is
unrelated to repeater installation. Therefore, when a repeater is used,
the increase of receiver floor noise of NodeB is determined by the
difference G_CL (logarithm domain)
26
The rise of NodeB noise figure when no TMA:

The bigger the G_CL value is, accordingly the higher the uplink
gain of the corresponding repeater is or the smaller the coupling
loss between NodeB and repeater is, the bigger increase the floor
noise of the NodeB receiver will be.
G_CL L_cable
BS

Floor noise increase of
NodeB
3 dB 3 dB 3 dB
-3 dB 3 dB 1 dB
-6 dB 3 dB 0.5 dB
-13 dB 3 dB 0.1 dB
27
The rise of NodeB noise figure when TMA:
DoCL
BS-Rep
refers to the coupling loss between the antenna
connector of the NodeB and the top of cabinet on the donor side of
the repeater, and it equals to DoPL
BS-Rep
- G_Ant
BS
-G_Donar
Rep
+
L_Cable
Do-Rep
.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
TMA
TMA BS
TMA BS TMA
NF NF CL G
NF NF DoCL G
NF DoCL G NF NF BS NF
Rep
Rep Rep UL
Rep UL Rep Rep
_ 1
Rep _ 1
Rep _ _
A + =
+ =
+ = A
Rep UL
Rep _ _

= A
BS
DoCL G CL G
Where,
28
The rise of NodeB noise figure when TMA:

Assume that the equivalent noise figure at the TTA port is also 3dB,
and the feeder cable loss between the TTA and the antenna can be
neglected
G_CL Floor noise increase of NodeB
0 dB 3 dB
-6 dB 1 dB
-9 dB 0.5 dB
-16 dB 0.1 dB
29
Repeater Reverse Gain Configuration:

if the floor noise increase of NodeB caused by a repeater want be
below 0.1dB, namely, the influence on the NodeB receiving
sensitivity is less than 0.1dB, G_CL should be less than -16dB,
and the corresponding repeater uplink gain G_Rep
UL
should be
16dB lower than the coupling loss DoCL
BS-Rep
between the NodeB
and the repeater.
G_Rep
UL
< DoCL
BS-Rep
16dB
30
Repeater Forward Gain Configuration:
Where, SENS
UE
and SENS
BS
are the receiving sensitivity of UE
and that of NodeB respectively.
Pmax
BS
Pmax
UE
+ G_Rep
DL
- G_Rep
UL
= SENS
UE
SENS
BS
Meanwhile,
G
Rep_DL
< Pmax_DL
Rep
( Pmax
BS
DoPL
BS-Rep
)
Where, G
Rep_DL
is the downlink gain of the repeater, Pmax_DL
Rep
is
the maximum downlink transmit power of repeater, Pmax
BS
is the
maximum transmit power of the donor NodeB, and DoPL
BS-Rep
is
the coupling loss between repeater and NodeB.
31
Isolation Requirements of Repeater:
Where, G
Rep
is the repeater gain (in general, it is the uplink or
downlink gain value, whichever is bigger), and 15dB is the
protection margin.
G
Rep
< Antenna Isolation 15dB
The coupling loss between the donor antenna and the service
antenna of the repeater is called antenna isolation. If the repeater
amplification gain is greater than the antenna isolation, a positive
feedback loop will form among donor antenna->repeater->service
antenna->donor antenna, where signals are repeatedly amplified,
causing self-excitation and fault of the repeater.
32
Horizontal Isolation Requirements of Repeater:
Where, d refers to the distance between the donor antenna and the
service antenna, in the unit of meter.
Gt and Gr refer to the gain in horizontal connection direction
between the two antennas, in the unit of dBi
A
H
= 22+20log(d /) (Gt + Gr ) dB
33
Vertical Isolation Requirements of Repeater:
Where, g1 and g2 refer to the gain in the vertical connection
direction between the two antennas, in the unit of dBi. For specific
values, refer to the antenna parameters. In general, g1=g2=0dBi.
Av = 28+40log(d/) - (g1+g2) (dB)
34
Barrier isolation of obstacles :
Install two sets of antennas on different walls of buildings, so as to
realize isolation by means of the walls; where we cannot realize
barrier isolation by means of the building, for example, when the
antennas are installed on the top of an iron tower, we can install
shielding net for isolation
35
Repeaters
Installation
Site Selection
36
Repeater Antenna Selection and Installation
Select suitable antenna gain based on the specific signal
condition and coverage requirement;
Omni antennas cannot be adopted; otherwise self-
excitation will occur. Antennas with high gains and
narrow horizontal beams are most suitable. In general,
angle-reflection antennas or log.-per. antennas are
adopted to avoid introduction of unnecessary pilot
signals;
The antenna of the donor sector in the donor NodeB can
adopt a cross polarization mode different from that of
other sectors and the NodeBs, so that the repeater can
select the pilot from the donor sector efficiently.
37
The service antenna should be selected based on
different characteristics of the coverage area. If the
antenna needs to cover a large area, a directional
antenna for common NodeBs can be used, but the
antenna must have a high gain; for tunnel coverage, we
can select a Yagi antenna or a helical antenna; for
indoor coverage, a specially designed indoor antenna is
usually required.
Antenna pattern: During antenna installation, the zero
point of one set of antennas pattern should be directed
to the other antenna. In general, the antennas are
installed back-to-back. In this case, it is very important to
select antennas with high front-to-rear ratio (over 30dB).
38
Vertical isolation: The lobes of the repeater antennas are
usually narrow in the vertical direction. When the service
antenna and the donor antenna are vertically installed,
the zero points of their vertical patterns should be
directed to each other, so good antenna isolation can be
obtained .
Environment factors: The environment around the
antennas may influence antenna isolation. The
environment factors include: the existence of reflectors
near the front side of the antennas, the material of the
tower, and the existence of shielding objects or shielding
net between the donor antenna and the service antenna.
39
Repeaters
Installation
Site Selection
40
Site Selection
For an optical fiber repeater

Optical fibers should be available from the
site to the donor NodeB.
The transmission delay between the site
and the donor NodeB should meet the
requirement, which depends on the support
of the optical fiber repeater to the distance.
The repeater site should meet the same
antenna and feeder deployment
requirement as for a common NodeB.
41
Site Selection
For an RF repeater
In order to avoid big fluctuations of electric wave
propagation loss between the repeater and the donor
NodeB, the site should meet the requirements for
line-of-sight transmission between the repeater and
the donor NodeB;
The site should reach the receiving signal level
required for the repeater equipment (-50dBm ~ -
80dBm in general).
There should be no strong same frequency carrier
wave near the donor antenna except the donor
NodeB, so as to prevent the repeater from amplifying
signals from multiple cells.
42
Site Selection
For an RF repeater

The landform, building or iron tower that can
provide enough isolation between the donor
antenna and the service antenna is available.
In order to avoid increased probability of hard
handovers, a repeater site where the carrier
quantity of the donor NodeB is equal to that of
the NodeBs adjacent to the repeater.
Preferably, there should be no other
interferences nearby.
43
Site Selection
The repeater site should be between the donor NodeB and the dead
zone. Make sure that the azimuth angle between the donor antenna
and the service antenna is not smaller than 90
Correct sites Incorrect sites
44
Site Selection
Avoid selecting places facing front side of buildings, the signals
have attenuated seriously and the signal strength in the back areas
is rather weak. If the repeater site is selected at the side of buildings,
signals can provide better coverage with the help of reflection.
Correct sites
Incorrect sites
45
Site Selection
In special cases, restricted by various factors, the donor links
cannot ensure the line of sight. In such cases, a received signal
level test must be conducted to make sure that the electric wave
propagation of donor links is stable.

Carry out propagation forecast and system balance calculations
based on the survey result and determine relevant parameters
of the repeater, such as the minimum receiving level of the
donor antenna, repeater gain, the service antenna type and the
type and length of the feeder cable.
46
Repeaters
Installation
Site Selection
Neighbor Cell Planning
47
In a network with repeaters, neighbor cell planning should
follow the principles of the planning for the common
NodeBs. A repeater and the existing donor sector are
regarded as the same sector, so the neighbor cell
relationships of a repeater are set in the existing donor
sector. And vice versa, if there is any NodeB adjacent to a
repeater, the neighbor cell relationships of the repeaters
donor sector should be included in that NodeB.
48
Repeaters
Installation
Site Selection
49
When selecting the handover type, consider the
performance differences among softer handover, soft
handover and hard handover. We should first consider
softer handover, and then soft handover. Consider hard
handover only in special cases.

As repeaters provide coverage extension, they are
generally located at the edge of the network, where hard
handover is like to take place. If hard handover exists,
we should set the hard handover parameters to make
sure of that hard handover can be implemented timely
and efficiently.
50
Course Contents

Introduction
51
Influences on Network
Influences on Location service
Influences on RRM Algorithms
Repeater Co-existence
52
1. Cell coverage influences

Thermal noise exists in the receiver of a repeater, so thermal
noise will be added in the signals amplified by the repeater. As
a result, the noise level of the donor NodeB increases, the
sensitivity of the donor NodeB receiver decreases and the
coverage radius of the donor cell is reduced.
When a repeater is added in an existing network, do not place
it at the existing coverage edge of the donor cell, but a margin
should be provided to avoid the coverage absence between
the repeater and the donor NodeB.
53
A repeater can only forward signals from the donor NodeB, so
it cannot provide new capacity. However, because the use of a
repeater extend the coverage range of the entire sector, the
extension of the subscriber distribution range will accordingly
lead to the increase of the required power and the growth of
the number of subscribers.
Because a repeater casts influences on the floor noise of the
donor NodeB, the reverse link will need more power. As a
result, the interference will increase, and the capacity is
accordingly reduced.
2. Analysis of capacity influences
54
As a bi-directional amplifier, a repeater can distinguish only
different frequencies, but not different scrambling code. If
multiple cell signals with the same frequency of the donor cell
signals exist around the donor antenna, an RF repeater will be
unable to distinguish them and it will forward the signals from
multiple cells to the to-be-covered area, resulting in pilot
pollution. Thus the network quality is influenced.
To avoid pilot pollution, when selecting the site of an RF
repeater, make sure that no signals from multiple cells exist
around the donor antenna. In addition, select an antenna with
high gain and narrow horizontal beam as the donor antenna.
In addition, optical fiber repeater should be used.
3. Pilot pollution
55
For an RF repeater, if the repeater gain is greater than the
isolation between the donor antenna and the service antenna, a
positive feedback loop of signals will form among donor antenna -
> repeater -> service antenna -> donor antenna, resulting in self-
excitation.
To avoid self-excitation, make sure that the gain setting of an RF
repeater meets the antenna isolation requirement. In addition,
make sure that the antenna isolation of an RF repeater meets the
requirement when selecting the repeater site and installing
antennas.
4. Repeater self-excitation
56
57
In an OTDOA-based LCS, a UE performs location estimation by
measuring the arrival time of multiple (more than 3) UTRA
CPICHs. After a repeater is introduced, the arrival time of NodeB
downlink signals will seriously lag, so the performance of OTDOA
location method will deteriorate.

(1) For small cells (5us delay corresponds to 1.5km), signals from
repeaters can be identified and eliminated if signals with too high
delay.
(2) If a UE detects signals from over 3 NodeBs at the same time, the
signals with too high delay compared with those from other
NodeBs can be eliminated.
1. OTDOA
58
When repeaters are used, the coverage areas of cells will change,
and therefore the location precision will be worse.
2. CELL-ID
3. A-GPS
When a repeater is used, the influence on the A-GPS location
method includes two aspects: the influence brought by frequency
drift of the repeater and the influence brought by the extra
propagation delay. Of these two aspects, the influence brought by
frequency drift is relatively smaller (frequency stability of the
repeater: 0.01ppm), and it can be neglected.
59
60
(1)Repeater power restriction has influences on the
algorithms.
(2) When a repeater is used, change of parameters will affect
the algorithms (for example Eb/N0).
A repeater brings in new noise when amplifying and
forwarding signals, causing deterioration of the signal
quality. When a repeater is used, the uplink and downlink
Eb/N0 should be increased correspondingly.
(3) When a repeater is used, change of the original network
topological planning influences algorithms
Influences on RRM algorithms are as follows:
61
(1) Power control algorithm
(2) Admission control algorithm
(3) Congestion control algorithm
(4) Load balance algorithm
(5) Potential user control algorithm
Repeater may influence the following PRM algorithms:
62
(1)The requirement of line-of-sight transmission between the
donor antenna and the donor NodeB should be satisfied
(2) Strictly limit the application range of repeaters, it can be
used only within low-traffic coverage restricted areas.
(3) Close some algorithms for cells using repeaters (inter-
frequency load balance algorithm, potential user control
algorithm, and so on).
Corresponding solutions :
63
64
The isolation between the donor antenna of repeater A of
operator A and the antenna of NodeB B of operator B must meet
the following requirement:
Uplink without considering repeater spurious
CL
BSB-RepA
> SsIR_Target + ACG
RepA
CLmin
RepA-UEA
+ CL
BSB-UEB

Uplink without considering repeater spurious
Pmax
RepA
> 39dBm, CL
BSB-RepA
> 105dB;
39dBm > Pmax
RepA
> 31dBm, CL
BSB-RepA
> Pmax
RepA
+ 66dB;
Pmax
RepA
< 31dBm, CL
BSB-RepA
>97dB.
Co-existence with UTRA FDD :
65
CL
BSB-RepA
refers to the isolation between repeater A and NodeB B,
SsIR_Target refers to the interference level to NodeB B after
repeater A is put into use (the interference level is defined as
strength of signal from UEB received by NodeB B / strength of
signal from UEB of RepA received by NodeB B),
ACG
RepA
refers to the adjacent channel gain of repeater A,
CLmin
RepA-UEA
refers to the minimum coupling loss between
repeater A and UEA (In general, CLmin
RepA-UEA
is equal to
CLmin
RepA-UEB
),
and CL
BSB-UEB
refers to the coupling loss between UEB (UE at the
place where the coupling loss of repeater A is minimum) and
NodeB B.
66
For example
The measured minimum coupling loss between UEB and RepA is
70dB, and the measured coupling loss between UE and NodeB B
is 100dB. The repeater out-of-band gain ACG
RepA
is 53dB.
SsIR_Target is set as 0dB.
To make sure the system of operator B works stably, the minimum
coupling loss between the repeater donor port and NodeB B must
be:
CL
BSB-RepA
= SsIR_Target + ACG
RepA
- CLmin
RepA-UEA
+ CL
BSB-UEB
=
0dB + 53dB - 70dB +100dB = 83dB
67
The isolation between the donor antenna of repeater A
of operator A and the antenna of NodeB B of operator
B must meet the following requirement:
Downlink
The isolation between the service antenna and the
NodeB antenna should be greater than 30dB, as
described in 3GCP TS 25.106.
68
When an UTRA FDD repeater share the same site with a
TDD NodeB, the isolation between the service antenna and
the NodeB antenna should be greater than 30dB. For the
donor antenna, the isolation requirement is the same as for
the case of site sharing with an FDD NodeB.
Co-existence with UTRA TDD :
Co-existence with GSM 900 and/or DCS 1800 :
The isolation between the service antenna or the
donor antenna and the GSM or DCS antenna should
be greater than 30dB .
69

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