WHITE REVOLUTION (OPERATION FLOOD PROGRAM)

White revolution was started by NDDB in 1970 with the assistance of European Economic Community through World Food Program. Varghese Kurien ,chairman of NDDB was the father of white revolution

OBJECTIVES OF WHITE REVOLUTION

Promote village milk producers cooperatives which procure milk and provide inputs and services to the farmers

Increase milk production (flood of milk)

Augment rural incomes Fair price for consumers Create a nation wide milk grid and make India as the largest producer of milk

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Phase I (1970-80):I. II. European Economic Community gifted skimmed milk and butter oil to India Linked 18 milk sheds with consumers in 4 metrosDelhi,Mumbai,Kolkatta and Chennai-MOTHER DAIRIES

Phase II( 1981-85):I. II. III. IV. Increased milk sheds from 18 to 136 290 urban market outlets of milk 43000 village dairy cooperatives with 4.25 lakh members Milk powder production increased from 22000 tonnes to 140000 tonnes

V.

Direct marketing of milk (7 million liters per day)

Phase III (1985-96):I. II. III. IV. V. Veterinary and health care services improved Emphasis on feed and AI Added 30000 new dairy cooperatives with 93.14 lakh members Milk shed increased to 173 with increase in women dairy cooperatives R&D activities for animal health ,nutrition,vaccination,feeding and AI

ACHIEVEMENTS OF WHITE REVOLUTION

Phenomenal growth of milk production (20 million tonnes per day to 100 million tonnes per day) Dairy cooperative movement was strengthened Increased in cattle and buffalo population(500 million)

Spread across the country (125000 villages ,180 districts and 22 states)
Well developed milk procurement system

FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION

Indias food crop production crossed 235 million tonnes during 2010-11 highest since independence
Crop Million tonnes

rice wheat
Pulses Oil seeds maize

94.5 84
17.2 30.2 30

Agriculture production recorded 5.4% growth

REASONS FOR RECORD PRODUCTION

Good monsoon spread uniformly across the country Vigorous monitoring of crops with timely technology intervention Integrated pest management modules Timely supply of inputs

COMMERCIAL CROPS
The crops grown by farmers for sale in market and not for their own consumption

The term commercial crops is used to differentiate from subsistence farming which are grown as food for the family or livestock
This is also known as cash crop farming because the crops are grown to generate the cash

Commercial crops cotton,jute,sugarcane,groundnut,tobacco,tea,coffe, rubber,cashew and bananas

CONTD
In earlier times crops were grown on small part of land while today these are grown on large scale for commercial sector Land owners of such farms are often large farmers/corporations Harvested crops are processed at site or transported to processing centres Objective is to achieve higher profits through economies of scale specialization and capital intensive farming technique and labour saving technology

Commercialization started during British period to feed the industries of Britain

CONTD
Mono cropping (growing single crop on a piece of land) is common with commercial farming while subsistence farming practices multiple cropping or mixed cropping to raise the food for family and feed for livestock

DISADVANTAGE OF COMMERCIAL FARMING

Mono cropping practiced under commercial farming is associated with degradation of land and infestation of diseases /pest Area under food crop is reduced Export if not regulated may result into short supply of locally available food Prices of major commercial crops are decided in world commodity markets Hence,individual producers relying on such crops suffer due to low prices as a bumper crop elsewhere lead to excess supply and low prices in the global market

HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Horticulture includes fruits,vegetables and flowers India ranks second in the production of fruist and vegetables in world Its diverse agro climatic conditions are ideal for horticulture crops It occupies 7% of total cropped area and contributes 18% to gross agriculture output. Major horticulture exported from India are-mangoes,grapes,oranges,apples ,bananas,onoins,potatoes,tomatoes and pumpkins

CONTD
Buyers of Indian horticulture crops-Bangladesh,Nepal,UAE,UK amd Malaysia Horticulture being labour intensive ,generates direct and indirect employment Per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables in India is 46 grams and 130 grams which is far below the recommended minimum of 92 and 300 grams per capita respectively

THRUST AREAS FOR HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION

Set up processing units in the vicinity of production areas Promote floriculture in congenial areas Develop irrigation facilities Back up infrastructure facilities like cold storage and roads Right technical input and planting material Encourage organic farming Development of high yielding varieties Packaging and marketing of horticulture products Micro credit and finance

CONSTRAINTS FOR HORTICULTURE FARMING

Inadequate post harvest infrastructure and processing facilities Poor marketing infrastructure High investment and long gestation period Post harvest losses Trading and marketing bottlenecks Sale of produce from small and marginal farmers Banking facilities Market intelligence

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS IN HORTICULTURE

National horticulture board National horticulture mission

AGROFORESTRY
Agroforestry is an activity that combines production on the same piece of land, from annual agricultural crops and delayed long term production by trees. This is obtained by : Planting trees on agricultural land or

I.

II. By cropping on forested land after thinning

REASONS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROFORESTRY

Greater efficiency of trees for photosynthesis Increased soil fertility Reduced soil losses from erosion Create better micro climatic conditions for the growth of agricultural crops

BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY
Meet out the demand of fuel, fodder and timber Reduce the bio tech pressure on forest land Maximum output in terms of yield per hectare Develop waste land/degraded land by planting suitable crops and tree species Reduced soil erosion Increase soil fertility (and fixation ,50,-100 kg N/hectare) Availability of raw materials for wood based industries Employment opportunities for local people

MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

About 12 . 5% of 422000 plant species are having medicinal values but only few hundreds are cultivated Medicinal plants ,since time immemorial ,have been used as source of medicine .the demand for plants and plant based drugs of therapeutic value in Ayurveda is well known Several aromatic plants are popular for domestic and commercial uses The sector remains neglected as it could not make a significant contribution to rural economies and environment

OPPORTUNITIES
Potential for rapid growth of herbal industry in the country

Growing international demand of medicinal plants for alternative medicines

Increased awareness

Growing consumer preference for organically grown medicinal products

Availability of knowledge base expertise and manpower

REQUIREMENTS FOR CONVERTING MEDICINAL PLANT RESOURCE POTENTIAL INTO BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Development of good quality seed and planting material Standard package of practice for cultivation Integration with farming system and cropping pattern Facility centres for processing for value addition Strategic tie up and stable buy back arrangements Capacity building of interested and potential farmers Linkage development for registration with concerned department / organic for certification

THRUST AREAS FOR PROMOTING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS

Farmers mobilization , awareness and sensitization to accept the new production line Imparting organic cultivation techniques Knowledge of preservation and processing The threat to natural population of such plant materials should be reduce by govt. regulations Popularize the program for tribal people to secure a sustainable livelihood