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metabolic growth, water lost during application of water and the water required for special operations such as land preparation, tillage and salt leaching etc. inches per unit cropped area.
It refers to the amount of water applied to the field from the start of land preparation to harvest of the crop together with the water lost through distributaries and field channels and during water application to the crop field.
It refers to the amount of water needed to replenish soil moisture deficit in the crop field.
It refers to the difference in moisture content at the time of sowing and harvesting of the crops that may be positive or negative. It is given as:
Evapotranspiration: It is defined as the water transpired by crop plants and the water evaporated from the soil in the crop field and intercepted precipitation by areal parts of plants in any specified time period
Consumptive use:
It is the evapotranspiration plus the water used by plants for metabolic activities which is hardly 1 % of ET
It is the average daily consumptive use during a few days (6 to 10 days) of highest consumptive use in a season. It occurs when the vegetation is abundant, temperature is high and crops are in flowering stage. It is used in the planning of an irrigation system
It is used to evaluate and decide the seasonal water supply to a command area of an irrigation project.
It is the rate of evapotranspiration by a particular crop in a given period under prevailing soil water and atmospheric conditions.
Climatic factors:
Precipitation, with greater frequency and amount of rainfall, ET becomes higher. In un-irrigated areas, water needs of crops are mainly met from precipitation and in irrigated areas it decides the amount of water available for irrigation. Solar radiations, it supplies energy for ET processes. With increasing day length or solar radiation, ET becomes more.
Temperature, Temperature of plant and soil rises because of more amount of solar radiation received from the sun and consequently increases ET. Wind speed, ET from soil surface and plants occurs at a higher rate on a windy day. The moist air in the immediate vicinity of a moist soil or leaf surface is swept away by wind and the dry air occupies the space.
Growing season:
Length of growing season and the actual date of sowing and maturing are important factors. The growing season of a crop coinciding with the hotter part of the year is expected to increase ET. Crops grown in different seasons have different ET.
Crop characteristics:
Growth habit, canopy development, leaf area index, plant density, duration and time of year when the growth is made, are important consideration to study the effect of crop characteristics on ET.
Cultural Factors:
Irrigation frequency, method of irrigation, depth of irrigation, fertilizer application and mulching are the important cultural factors affecting ET.
Crop Coefficient
Crop coefficient:
It is the ratio b/w the actual crop Evapotranspiration to the reference crop evapotranspiration.
Kc = ETc / ETo
Field Capacity:
Immediately after the rain or irrigation water application, when all the gravity water has drained down, a certain amount of water is retained on the surface of soil grains by molecular attraction and by loose chemical bonds (adsorption). This water cannot be drained under the action of gravity and is called the field capacity. It is the moisture content after free drainage has taken place for sufficient period (2 to 5 days).
Capillary moisture:
It is that moisture which is attached to the soil molecules by surface tension against gravitational forces and which can be extracted by crop through capillarity.
It is moisture content at which plant can no longer extract sufficient water for its growth and wilts up. it is the difference in moisture content between field capacity and permanent wilting point.
Available moisture:
Base period:
USWB class-A pan evaporimeter Blaney criddle method Penman method Modified penman method Radiation method Penman Monteith equation
Empirical methods
Direct Methods
Lysimeter method:
Used to measure ET and various components of water balance It is a container (usually 0.5m 2 m in diameter) having an experimental soil separated from the surrounding soil in the crop field Lysimeter are installed in fields with a large guard area having the same crop as in the lysimeter Measurements of different components for water balance studies such as water added to lysimeter through precipitation and irrigation, change in soil water storage and water lost through evaporation, transpiration, runoff and deep percolation are made, The relationship is:
ET ER IRn SW
Direct Methods
Lysimeters are so constructed that measurements of deep percolation and surface runoff are possible or it is possible to avoid these losses Both weighing and non weighing type lysimeters are used for measurement of ET For very short period (daily or hourly) estimates of ET, weighing type lysimeter is used
Direct Methods
Field experimentation method:
Field experiments with varying level of irrigation are carried out to estimate seasonal consumptive use of irrigated crops Measurement of water supplied to the crops through effective rainfall and irrigation and changes in the soil moisture reserves during the growing season are made The water thus supplied under varying levels of irrigation is then correlated the yields obtained The quantity of water used to produce most profitable yield is taken as CU
Direct Methods
Soil water depletion method:
Soil water contents in different layers of root zone are measured just before and after irrigation or rainfall and during the period between two successive irrigations as frequently as possible depending upon the degree of accuracy desired The soil water depletion during any short period is considered as the consumptive use fro that period The seasonal consumptive use is obtained by summing up soil water depletion or losses during the different periods of measurement in the growing season
Direct Methods
Inflow-outflow method:
Used to estimate yearly consumptive use over large area, also called as water balance method
CU P I GW R
Change in soil water storage is considered negligible and it is assumed that the subsurface inflow into the area is same as subsurface outflow
evaporation from the free water surface The Class A Evaporation pan is circular, 120.7 cm in diameter and 25 cm deep. It is made of galvanized iron (22 gauge) with a stilling pan The pan is mounted on a wooden open frame platform which is 15 cm above ground level to facilitate the circulation of air beneath the pan Daily evaporation rate is given by the fall in water level measured in the stilling well by hook gauge Adjustments are made to the evaporation values if rainfall occurs during a period of measurement
Empirical methods
Blaney criddle method Penman method Modified penman method Radiation method Penman Monteith equation
Empirical methods
Blaney criddle method:
Developed a formula for estimating CU based on temperature, daylight hours, and locally developed crop coefficients
ktp CU Cu KF kf 100
Empirical methods
Penman method
Developed the formula using important climatic parameters such as solar radiation, temperature, vapour pressure and wind velocity to compute the evaporation from open free water surface ET is obtained by multiplying with crop coefficient
Qn Ea Eo
it is quite satisfactory for both humid and arid regions under
calm weather conditions It drawback is that it uses many climatological parameters that are difficult to obtain
Empirical methods
Modified Penman method
ETo CETo *
ETo* = Refenrence crop Evapotranspiration (unadjusted) ETo= Refenrence crop Evapotranspiration (adjusted) C = adjustment factor to account for day and night weather effect
Empirical methods
Radiation method:
ETo C (W .Rs )
n Rs (0.25 0.50 ) RA N
Penman-Monteith Equation
Where: Rn is the net radiation, G is the soil heat flux, (es - ea) represents the vapour pressure deficit of the air, a is the mean air density at constant pressure, cp is the specific heat of the air, represents the slope of the saturation vapour pressure temperature relationship, is the latent heat of vaporization and is psychrometric constant, and rs and ra are the (bulk) surface and aerodynamic resistances.
Penman-Monteith Equation
The surface resistance, rs, describes the resistance of vapour
flow through stomata openings, total leaf area and soil surface.
required to change a unit mass of water from liquid to water vapour in a constant pressure and constant temperature process. The value of the latent heat varies as a function of temperature energy required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of air by one degree at constant pressure. Its value depends on the composition of the air, i.e., on its humidity
Penman-Monteith Equation
The vapour pressure deficit is the difference between the saturation
(es) and actual vapour pressure (ea) for a given time period. a horizontal surface perpendicular to suns rays is called the extraterrestrial (solar) radiation, Ra
The solar radiation received at the top of the earth's atmosphere on The net radiation, Rn, is the difference between incoming and
outgoing radiation of both short and long wavelengths. It is the balance between the energy absorbed, reflected and emitted by the earth's surface or the difference between the incoming net shortwave (Rns) and the net outgoing longwave (Rnl) radiation soil. it is positive when the soil is warming and negative when the soil is cooling. The soil heat flux is small compared to Rn and may often be ignored
The soil heat flux, G, is the energy that is utilized in heating the