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Electroplating process

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Prepared by: Dave

Principle `

of electrodeposition

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:-

The principle of electrodeposition is the reducing metal ion (Mn+) with electrons supplied from external power source. This means the electron transfer to metal ion through the metal electrode, where reduced metal atom (M) deposit. When an

where a and b are constants. Therefore, in this case, electrodeposition rate is controllable by overpotential .

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Laws

of electroplating :-

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Faraday's laws of electrolysis Michael Faraday, perhaps the greatest experimental scientist in history, enunciated his laws of electrolysis in 1833, and these laws have remained unchallenged ever since. They are basic to both the understanding and the practical use of electrolytic processes. They may be stated as follows: 1. The amount of chemical change produced by an electrical current is proportional to the quantity of electricity that passes. 2. The amounts of different substances liberated by a given quantity of electricity are inversely proportional to their chemical equivalent weights. Mathematically Faraday's laws of electrolysis can be expressesed as:

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`
where Q is the charged passed, I is the current passed, t is the time the current is passed, z is the change in oxidation state, m and M are the mass and molar mass respectively of oxidized or reduced species, F is the Faraday constant (96 485 C mol-1, the charge of one mole of electrons), and n is the amount of of substance oxidized or reduced.

Process

of electroplating :-

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Electroplating

is often also called "electrodeposition", a short version of electrolytic deposition, and the two terms are use interchangeably. As a matter of fact, "electroplating" can be considered to occur by the process of electrodeposition. Its a process using electrical current to reduce cations of a desired material from a solution and coat that material as a thin film onto a conductive substrate surface. 1 shows a simple electroplating system for the deposition of copper from copper sulphate solution. The electrolytic solution contains positively charged copper ions (cations) and negatively charged sulphate ions (anions). Under the applied external electric field, the cations migrate to the cathode where they are discharged

Figure

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Anodizing:-

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Anodizing isan electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxidelayer on the surface of metal parts. The process is called "anodizing" because the part to be treated forms the anode electrode of an electrical circuit. Anodizing increases corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and provides better adhesion for paint primers and glues than does bare metal. Anodic films can also be used for a number of cosmetic effects, either with thick porous coatings that can absorb dyes or with thin transparent coatings that add interference effects to reflected light.

Process

of anodizing:-

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The anodising process may be divided into four steps:The first step is the pre-treatment with cleaning and making the aluminium profiles ready. The profiles are etched in an alcaline bath for a certain period of time, a bath which is based on sodium dioxide. Then the profiles are rinsed in order to remove any possible deposits. In connection with the pretreatment special mechanical or chemical treatments may also be carried out. The actual anodising is the second step in the process. Here the profiles are lowered into an electrolyte bath, which is usually based on sulphuric acid. After anodising the microscopic pores in the anodising layer are still open.

The aluminium is now ready for colour anodising, which is the third step in the process. This step is optional. Colour anodising may be done either by lowering aluminium into a dye bath or by means of electrolytic colouring. This is carried out by lowering the aluminium into a bath with a colour solution and then induce a DC current.
The fourth step in the anodising processs issealingthe surface. In order to obtain a fully protected surface the oxide layer must always be sealed. This is done by lowering the aluminium into a bath with boiling water.

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Process

of electropolishing:-

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Electropolishing,

also known as electrochemical polishing or electrolytic polishing , is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece. involves passage of electric current through a workpiece, while it is submerged in a specially-designed acid solution. The process is essentially the reverse of electroplating, in that the surface of the workpiece is actually "stripped away." When used on stainless steel, the process removes iron and nickel (as well as non metallics) from the surface, thus enhancing the chromium content and corrosion resistance of the workpiece surface. amount of surface material removed can be

Electropolishing

The

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` Electropolishing

also has the added benefit of attacking the "high points" of the surface of the workpiece more aggressively, resulting in a smoothing, or polishing of the surface. In many cases such as medical, food and beverage, and semiconductor products, this smoothing of the surface reduces the microscopic crevices in which bacteria can propagate and tiny particles can accumulate, thus aiding sterilization and cleaning processes. The removal of metallic and non-metallic particles, that are often added to the surface by cutting and forming processes, also results in a superior surface for welding. This reduction of impurities reduces he presence of crack forming inclusions that can compromise weld strength.

The diagram below shows a typical electropolishing process. The workpiece is mounted on special racks of either copper or titanium. The rack, along with the workpiece, is submerged into an acid solution (held at a specific temperature), and current is passed from the anode (workpiece), through the acid solution, and into the cathode (lead). The surface of the workpiece is literally "dissolved" away, leaving an extremely clean and polished surface on the workpiece.

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Applications:`
Electroplating: (1) (2) (3) (4)

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Appearance Protection Special surface properties Engineering or mechanical properties.

Anodizing:

Building products (curtain walls, roofing systems) commercial and residential products (vents, awnings, frames, fixtures. appliances (refrigerators, microwaves, coffee makers). food preparation equipment (pans, coolers, grills) and office furniture (tables, beds, cabinets)

home

motor vehicle components (trim, hubcaps, panels, nameplates) electronics (televisions, photography equipment) Electropolishing:-

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aerospace (satellite panels).

Medical and Surgical instruments Sensors and instrumentation Bone screws Any Stainless Steel surface that requires a highly polished look

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Thank you