Академический Документы
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Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil
Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris
Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska 10 million gallons of oil spilled 400 miles of shore line affected $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning
Spain
The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry.
incident
sinking
BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day
Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship
Burning oil off Chemical dispersants Bioremediation- bacteria
Hair Booms
Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff Tanker operations Coastal facilities Atmospheric fallout Natural seepage Other transportation activities Tanker accidents Offshore petroleum production 31.1% 21.8% 13.1% 9.8% 9.8% 9.8% 3.3% 1.3%
Plastics
100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface
http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6
Laysan Island
hypersaline lake (120-140o/oo) Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds.
Sooty tern
Laysan albatross
Laysan finch
Laysan Island
Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline
A dead Laysan Albatross chick with seven bottle tops in its gullet. Adult Albatross feed on flying fish eggs that the adult fish attach to floating debris.
Hawaii
http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/
Bioaccumulation biomagnification
Pesticides
Halogenated hydrocarbons or organochlorines: Include DDT and PCBs, which are slow to biodegrade
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (DDT):
used as a pesticide from 1939-late 1960s fat soluble compound the worlds production has substantially decreased since it was banned in the West detected in mud of deep sea and snow & ice of Antarctica
Biomagnification
Toxic Metals
Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu Heavy metals resist biodegradation
Heavy Metals
Minamata Disease (1953-1960) Japan Industrial pollution from plastic plant; dumped mercuric chloride into bay Ingestion of Hg tainted shellfish 43 dead and 700 permanently disabled Symptoms: kidney damage, neuromuscular deterioration, birth defects,insanity, death Bay is still unusable for fishing and shell fishing Surviving victims received $24,200 as settlement
Cu: Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) Banned in U.S. 1980s Acts as an immunosuppressor Accumulations unusually high in small whales May be associated with strandings Pac Baroness freighter carrying 21,000 metric tons of finely powdered Cu sank in 448 m in 1987 of coast of central CA Tainted water detected 41km down current of wreck Major fishing zone for rock cod and Dover sole
Pb: Leaded gasoline invented 1920s Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps Leaded gas banned in US in 1980s has reduced pollution in ocean
Bioaccumulation biomagnification
48 million gallons
Why? 40 straight days of rain 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains
Disease
Atomic Testing
Atomic Testing
Ocean Dumping
total > 10 million Curies
Three Mile Island (79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (86) = 100 million Curies
USSR
US Other Switzerland
Great Britain
Moscow Russia
Thermal Effluents
Power plants
Ala Wai
Sediment Runoff
Pflueger at Pilaa, Kauai $7.5 million for Clean Water Act violations
sediments from coastal urban and agricultural development nutrients from detergents, fertilizers, leaky septic tanks, and domesticated animals pesticides (home use, agricultural, & golf courses)
automobile wastes such as combusted motor oil, tire rubber, brake pad dust, coolant, etc. waste water from swimming pools and aquaculture ponds
Other Wastes
1989
Net Damage
Munitions Dumping
Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U.S. Army)
Munitions Dumping
Inquiry
1. Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification. 2. Discuss the process of managing an oil spill. 3. Distinguish between point source and nonpoint source pollution. 4. What may result when eutrophication occurs?