Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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Total ARPU
Voice ARPU
Data ARPU
25.00%
begun to increase build indoor coverage from 2004, Close 2006, indoor site occupy 23% with total ,and that continuous to expand
PingPang effectMiddile
Coverage sideIt make much pass loss of radio wave to form poor coverage
happened
radio channel congestion because of high mobile phone useful density that part of network capacity can not satisfied with useful
Quality side: The building high level space is easy to existing interfere,
signal of service cell is not stable and appear PingPang effect ,voice quality could not be assure and appear call drop . 4
2G period
use wide coverage plot to solve the problem about coverage and capacity
3G period
and data service. The perfect indoor coverage is useful to raise network capacity
Perfect indoor coverage is the key of network built from thinking about coverage and capacity
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discrete distribution Signal interfere and leak Same indoor distributed system Traffic share smooth interim
Same network with indoor and outdoor, share with the coverage and capacity of all network, same 2G
equipment
The high level of signal coverage is stronger than lower level The signal is much stronger close the window, it is to weaken quickly with penetrate deeply The basement is better to separated, it belongs to fade zone with signal. It should receive the stronger outdoor signal when the hall is glass top floor
The building of China Unicom in Shenzhenthe signal distribute at 20 floor when the site is at top floor The area is 88.48% as the RSCP more than -85dBm. 10
It is belongs to poor coverage that the area with close window of high floor (over 20F) It is wild with signal that the area with close window of middle floor7-20F It is poor coverage close window at lower floor. It is poor coverage and fade zone with another eara.
Poor coverage area
the area about strong signal that outdoor signal form near the window ...
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when it form stronger signal distribute with outdoor signaling penetrates indoors
When we pull into indoor signal to solve problem of poor indoor coverage, we suggestion to take network deployment with same frequency, and it should strengthen indoor signal pointed at poor signal area. Such as: inhabitant subdistrict .
When we pull into indoor signal to solve problem of capacity , we suggestion building indoor system to
reduce capacity consume of indoor use to outdoor cell, and adopt network deployment with different
frequency to absorb traffic with indoor. Such as: main office building with good opening ,venue etc.
It is not enough coverage of outdoor signaling penetrates indoors . We suggestion adopting network deployment with same frequency when pull into indoor coverage. It is satisfied with requirement of coverage and capacity in effect, it can apply to area of good closure such as: tunnel, subway, some market.
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It is less investment and fast built as same indoor distribute system with 2G and 3G,
F15
F14 ... F2
F1
The main style of indoor coverage built with 2G/3G changeThe difficulty of indoor coverage built is to get engineering construction permission.
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It is ensure system separate and keep the every system signal loss balance when Same indoor system
It use mixer of good performance for satisfied with 2G/3G isolation., It select suitable point combine with original 2G system feature, and do some
change if necessary.
It use optical fiber for RRU transmission to finish combine with 2G and 3G, it should make up the high lose with WCDMA high frequency to ensure the wcdma indoor coverage.
Power matching
The difference transmission and space loss of 2G/3G system It need to think about the problem of power matching of system mix for
ensure get same coverage effect involve Power matching at antenna power matching of signal source
need power matching with antenna outlet combine with brink density of field
WCDMA add insert loss 1dB to adopt mixer with same indoor system
Different frequency network deployment is lower requirement than same frequency network deployment
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be suitable with small coverage building As a result of no source equipment trouble point, so cause lower trouble rate ,not need maintenance
The requirement analysis of prophase can get requirement of 3G power configuration It can use 2G system for small coverage or single fabric non-source system. It should adjust feeder, antenna number and location if necessary.
WCDMA source GSM Source
Antenna system
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Amplifier
3G is self-interfering system and its better not to use repeaters. Repeater shall not bring excessive noises to donor sites
Application principles
Less than 1dB, uplink gain can be adjusted to achieve the balance of uplink and downlink of repeaters. 5W is best, 10W shall be carefully handled and 20W is forbidden. Small-power repeaters are not suggested either
No cascading allowed
Cascading of repeaters will result in deterioration of the uplink repeater not for capacity fulfilling
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GSM Source
WCDMAGSM dualband combiner WCDMAGSM dual band combiner WCDMAGSM dualband combiner
Feeder system
WCDMA Source
Suitable for places with high coverage requirements and easy wiring .
WCDMAGSM dualband combiner
Feeder system
repetitive wiring.
Feeder system
Suitable for places away from signaling source and where wiring is difficult
GSM source
Feeder system
WCDMA source
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splitter shall be within 8002170 MHz; If WLAN shares indoor distributing system, frequency shall be 800~2500MHz
attenuated and shall be changed to big-diameter cables or add a source transmission power.
Power splitter
Wideband coupler
combiner
coupler
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Feeder Alternation
Feeders used in GSM coverage system are mainly 8D/10D/1/2 and 100 m loss is as shown in the right table.
2000MHz 2400MHz 23dB 18dB 10.7dB 6.1dB 26dB 21dB 12.1dB 7.0dB
2000MHz
and
2000MHz
have
quite
different losses and 8D & 10D feeders are not suggested in over frequency band over 1.9GHz
8D/10D feeders longer than 5m in GSM system shall be changed into 1/2feeders
8D/10D feeders are not used for major use.
1/2feeders longer than 50m in GMS system shall be changed into 7/8feeders; 1/2 feeders longer than 30m shall be changed into 7/8feeders
For cost saving purpose, 1/2feeders and connectors can be changed into 8D/10D feeders.
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Access points of lifts are limited, mostly on the floor or the top of the building. Some buildings with over 30 storey have big loss caused by multiple access points.
Yagi is widely used in indoor coverage especially GSM 900 due to high gain,
Yagi are not suitable to work in the frequency of 8902500MHz due to great loss generated.
When 3G system is alternated, yagi shall be changed into plate-like antennae and increase antennae so as to ensure enough power level at the edge.
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Antenna alternation
In line with small power, multiple antennae principle, based on the test result, ascertain antenna distribution and make signaling equally distributed.
Buildings with simple infrastructure and wide space such as basements, parking lots, airports, supper malls, the number of antennae of which can be relatively small.
Buildings with complicated infrastructure and barriers, such as Karaoke boxes, restaurant rooms, office buildings, the number of antennae of which shall be great and antennae shall be within view.
shelter Directional antennae perform coverage from edge to indoor ; Control the power of antenna interface
Maintain signaling continuity of different coverage zones Work frequency of antenna is recommended to be 8852500MHz and shall be consistent with the previous antenna indicators (gain, half-power angle etc).
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f2 f1 f2 f2
f1 f1 f1
Same frequency network
f1
Low floor, previous frequency; higher floors, other frequency Other frequency
f1
f1
f1
Same frequency network or low-floor sharing the outdoor frequency and high-floor using other frequency belong to intra-frequency networking Different frequency network and one-floor sharing the outdoor frequency and others using other frequency belong to different frequencies interworking
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Intra-frequency interworking:
Advantage: smooth transition with performance guaranteed Disadvantage: maximum path loss supported reduces which deducts the coverage of signaling source due to influence of outdoor signaling
Applicable scenes: buildings with big penetration loss and closed indoor environment such as subway and multiple basements.
Advantage: with intra-frequency advantages and provided with good coverage and capacity coming from different frequency networks.
Disadvantages: restricted by lift wiring, huge hard handover between different frequencies will occur in lifts and on high storys, which will greatly affect users perception of the network; The scheme is based on 2G system and 2G & 3G interworking is hard to realize.
Applicable scenes: buildings with few storys suffering little influence from outdoor interfering signaling
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Advantage: co-use 2G system, share outdoor traffic load and reduce the interference and leakage of indoor and outdoor signaling.
Disadvantage: outdoor cells open compression mode and affect the capacity; indoor and outdoor cells perform hard handover and success rate declines.
Applicable scenario: external wall are mostly made of glass, outdoor signaling interference are relatively great and signaling fades at the access to the first floor.
Networking of the first floor using the outdoor frequency and other floors using other frequency:
Advantage: imbued with the advantages of different frequencies networking; resolve the problem of power consumption of outdoor cells caused by compressed mode; intra-frequency cells on the same floor can provide with smooth handover.
Disadvantage: intra-frequency cells need to be constructed on a floor. Applicable scenario: suitable for high storys, glass fabric and great interference of outdoor signaling.
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The advantage of same frequency networking is to provide smooth transition; But due to great impart of outdoor signaling, maximum path loss supported may be reduced and coverage capability of signaling source may be greatly lowered.
In indoor area, when different frequencies are interworking, Indoor cell can provide good coverage and full capacity with no influence of outdoor signaling and therefore signaling quality is good and handover is very little.
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Same frequency and different frequencies co-exist in the 3G network: when constructing 3G indoor coverage system, networking scheme shall be made
based on actual condition. Its ideal to combine same frequency scheme with
different frequencies scheme. If interference can be controlled, same frequency is suggested; If interference is hard to be controlled, and hard handover can fulfill KPI of indoor coverage system, different frequencies is better.
Suggested value of interference can be controlled is 10dB. Indoors, pilot power of indoor coverage system is 10dB stronger than that of outdoor system; outdoor, pilot power of outdoor BTS is 10dB stronger than that of indoors. For environment with good isolation, same frequency is suggested; For environment with poorer isolation and with capacity requirement, different frequencies
scheme is recommended.
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Strictly control the interaction of indoors and outdoor signaling. Outdoor signaling comes indoors along the window from top to bottom, while indoor signaling penetrates through the window and come outside. High-level signaling comes into the air and with small effect, thus focus shall be to avoid the indoor signaling entering the outside surrouding roads. To avoid the interaction of signaling of both indoors and outdoor, its suggested:
Control the strong coverage of outdoor signaling indoors. Adjust the transmission power of outdoor cells, add to antenna downtilt or adjust directional angle of the antennae.
Control the leakage of indoor signaling. Properly distribute indoor antennae. Generally,
avoid using omni antenna near the window and use directional antenna pointing indoors. For scenes in which signaling leakage is frequent and easy, its recommended to add antenna point and reduce transmission power of antenna points for even distribution of signaling.
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Its recommended to perform soft handover to ensure the successful handover between different floors, rooms and lifts, and different enclosures
etc.
Handover area of entrances and exits shall be properly set. If performing hard handover, signaling of entrances & exits of the lobby and garage shall be controlled, and optimized if necessary to ensure smooth transition of signaling and success handover.
In the lobby, penetrating signaling from outdoor is strong. Its recommended to induce transit cells to ensure successful handover and to avoid hard handover of lift when signaling from outside enters indoors. Add cells with frequency the same as outdoors and two frequencies have coverage in entrances and exits.
For indoor and outdoor networking, handover area of indoor and outdoor
signaling is near the inside door and that of entrances and exits of garages is near the garage, and that of access to lifts is at the entrances to lifts, and handover area of stairwell and other floors depends on actual condition.
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A WCDMA indoor distribution system shall be divided into multiple cells to fulfill coverage or capacity demand. And the following principles shall be observed:
Handover zones shall be as small as possible The coverage of first floor and lifts comes from the same cell. There are no handover when entering or exiting from the lift to floor 1st.
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Typical buildings
Shenzhen Telecom Mansion is a building with 24 floors and covers an area of 39483.9 square meters.
Multiple cells classification of Telecom Mansion is a horizontal one. Utilize isolation of multiple cells to reduce handover between cells and floor 1st and
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Large complex
Large complex has large area, and stadium, airport and railway belong to this group. Take Shenyang olympics stadium for example, it occupies 254,000 square meters with 278 meter length, 235 meter width, and 82 meter heights. It has 6 floors and two-story stand and can hold 60, 000 population.
Multiple cells of Shenyang Olymipics ZTE stadium are classified vertically and handover area of cells in the same story shall be properly planned.
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Large residence community consists of multiple buildings and pure outdoor macro BTS can hardly achieve full coverage and garden distributing system is necessary to be introduced. Test result reveals that design concept of multiple antenna, small power can
provide complete coverage for outdoor environment of residential quarters and 1-6 storied
residence buildings. The antennae are noticeable.
In order to reduce cell number, its suggested to apply multi-RRU singlecell technology to enable the coverage capacity of single cells and to absorb several buildings into one cell. Different colored curves symbolize different cells 36
Subway
Use BBU plus RRU to make coverage of subways, and utilize existing cables to enable WCDMA coverage expansion.
The concept of subway multiple cells classification is to consider platforms as cell dividing points and to complete coverage by separate phases.
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We choose Shenzhen Unicom Building as one example Unicom Building lies in CBD area of center Futian district. It has dense buildings here, height of buildings is height with average over 20 floors.
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Site on the top of Shenzhen Unicom building has four cells with antenna height
about 70 meters. The nearest site is centre site of China Telecom with 355 meters far away from it, which influences this site much.
We can see that Shenzhen Unicom Building has a complicated wireless environment and can be on half of the case that co-coverage by indoor and outdoor together has a restrict requirement about interference and capacity. So
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Unicom building is a building with 24 floors over earth and totally 39483.9 square meters Unicom building has a glass wall structure and a complicated indoor environment.
Floor B1:underground parking place. Dependent. Floor 1F:hall, vacant inside, spaces co-used by floor 1-3F, glass top, signals outside can penetrate through the top Floor 5F:equipment room, a wide and open place.
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Floor 14F:offices,balcony and open top, people can take teas and have meetings here Floor 19F:offices, a good open place Floor 24F:top floor, offices for CEO
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Indoor coverage in Shenzhen Unicom Building use 3 cells and take the form of BBU+RRU network. Feedback loss is reduced and coverage area is expanded effectively. Floor 5F and 7F are separation points, cell 1 covers floors under 4F(4F included) , cell 2
covers 16F to 5F(16F included), cell 3 covers 17F to 24F, soft handover area are
controlled within emergency stairs.
To make new WCDMA system by fully using GSM feedback part, investment is reduced therefore.
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ZXSDR D-B82000 distribution sites are used in Shenzhen Unicom Building and are consisted by base station unit B8200 and radio remote unit R8840. Technique specification of it is as follows:
Type Frequencies
Item Uplink1920MHz 1980MHz Downlink2110MHz 2170MHz Max supported Sectors Max supported carriers Capability
Specifics
Max supported CE channels for pure voice services Max channels in one cell Max throughput of system RF unit type
Specifics of property
60W Receiving Sensitivity -126.5dBm@WCDMA S antenna receiveing -129.2dBm@WCDMA D antenna receiving -131.9dBm@WCDMA Q antenna receiving B8200heightwidthdeep88.4482.6197mm R8840heightwidthdeep370320160 mm B82008.75KG R884016.5KG B8200-48V DCranges -57 V DC -40V DC R8840-48V DCranges-35 V DC -60 V DC 220V ACranges 90 V AC 300 V AC 110V ACexpansion supportedranges 85V AC 135V AC
Size of equipment Physical property Weight with full equipement Power supply property Way of power supply, permitted ranges of voltage changes
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Priority of BBU+RRU-1
Versatile network
BBU has a property of high integrity, large capability, less volume, light weight etc. BBU can be places together, base band capability can be shared. It is suitable to indoor cases with
RRU has a small volume, light weight and easy fixed. RRU can be used together with GSM indoor distribution system. RRU uses fiber as transmission, feedback losses are reduced effectively, which can reduce additive losses in 2GHZ and make RRU has the same coverage as GSM. So, it is easy to make 2/3G together.
BBU+RRU can realize coverage and capability planning individually. It is easy to expand network, and changing indoor distribution system is not needed. It is used to meet the need of services in 3G.
BBU+RRU support RRU single cell merge technique. Single cell support 1 to 6 RRU in indoor situation, which expand coverage area of single cell and realize far coverage of many buildings. This case can meet most situations of indoor coverage.
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Priority of BBU+RRU-2
Less work of project, low cost of operation and maintain
BBU+RRU use fiber instead of feedback cable has a simple way of line distribution and is easy to work on. RRU can afford all kinds of requirement of any situation and is not reliable on trunk amplification. In real network trunk amplification can be given up or used in only a few cases, so coverage quality decreasing caused by too much trunk amplification can be avoided.
BBU is set up integrally and can be managed and monitored by OMC. Traditional microcell manner need to monitor trunk amplification excessively.
BBU+RRU way can distinguish cells reasonably and easily. Expansion later can be finished by background network administration software. No necessary of further changes in hardware.
BBU,RRU can realize wall-hanging, and is convenient for indoor coverage realization and application.
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Top and nearby sites affect much on Shenzhen Unicom building for its glass wall structure. Potential strong signals coverage come to live due to influence by outside signals. But outside signals can not reach deep in the building.
Unicom building has a large capacity need. To make sure of indoor signals are not affected by strong surrounding signals, we suggest Unicom building take network form of different frequencies, that is using different frequencies indoor and outside door, but the same frequencies in the building.
We can configure cells used by lower floors to dual-frequencies to make this cell to be on transient cell: indoor and outside frequencies. When one user comes indoor, user will switch to indoor cell with the same frequency and switch to indoor cell with different frequencies. When user go out of indoor, compress mode is activated, indoor cell with different frequencies transits to outdoor cell.
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