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Spread footings
Most common type of foundation
Square or rectangular pad which spreads building load over an area
Load is less than bearing capacity of soil
F10-2
Isolated footing support single column Wall footing supports wall Combined footing support multiple columns or walls Mat supports entire building, uses a heavily reinforces slab
Spread footings
Mat supports entire building, uses a heavily reinforces slab Floating slab mat foundation where weight of soil removed = weight of building (building floats on soil)
Piles
Column driven into soil
Common types
Timber inexpensive, easy to cut & splice, no special handling
Max length = 100, load carrying limited, pile ends may splinter, subject to insects and decay Can use pressure treated Good underwater
Piles
Precast concrete piles
Come in almost any size and shape round, square , octagonal High strength, no decay Heaviest type of pile, brittle, no tensile strength Need careful handling, hard to cut & splice
Piles
Steel Piles
Capable of heavy loads Driven to great depths, easy to cut & splice, Common types = H-piles, pipe piles High cost
Bulb piles
Bulb Piles
Franki Piles or pressure injected footings Special form of cast in place pile with an enlarged base for increased load bearing
Pile driving
Drop hammer ancient pile driver F10-5
Pile driver is usually crane driven Pile driver consists of a
Drop weight Leads guide for weight Pile driving consists of placing a pile in the lead Dropping the weight Lifting weight Repeat Must have a stop block to keep weight on leads
Diesel hammer
F10-6 explain steps
Stability of Excavation
Slope stability
Cohesive and non cohesive soils F 10-10, 10-11
Embankment failure
Based on soil type and angle of internal friction Safe depth range 5 -18 ft
OSHA anything over 4 must be guarded Failure modes F 10-12 Stability effected by weather, ground water, loads on banks
Stability of Excavation
Stability of Cut Bottom
Bottom can heave due to weight of soil on sides
Usually seen when in a cut
Boiling or piping
Occurs when water pressure moves soil up from bottom of cut F 10-16
Dewatering
Remove water from excavation
Well point F 10-22 Vacuum well F 10-23
Pressure grouting
F 10-24 Grout is pumped into soil and fills voids creating a stronger soil bond