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have
assumed
important
roles
in
modem
Because of their number and properties, they provide an almost limitless range of properties for the design engineer. costly than iron or steel, but often possess certain properties or combinations of properties that are not available in the ferrous metals, such as:
Resistance to corrosion
Ease of fabrication High electrical and thermal conductivity Light weight
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Brass : Zn is subst. impurity -lower : 2.7g/cm 3 (costume jewelry , coins, -Cu, M g, Si, M n, Zn additions corrosion resistant) -solid sol. or p recip . Bronze : Sn, Al, Si, Ni are strengthened (struct. subst. impurity aircraft p arts (bushings, landing & p ackaging) gear) NonFerrous Mg Alloys Cu-Be : -very low : 1.7g/cm 3 Alloys p recip . hardened -ignites easily for strength -aircraft, missles
Cu Alloys
Al Alloys
Ti Alloys
-lower : 4.5g/cm 3 vs 7.9 for steel -reactive at high T -sp ace ap plic.
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Refractory metals
-Ag, Au, Pt -oxid./corr. resistant
Noble metals
The first uses - decorative (jewelry) because of its attractiveness and malleability. an important engineering metal for over 6000 years. As a pure - backbone of the electrical industry.
Because of its excellent conductivity, about one third of all copper produced is used in some form of
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a good electrical conductor a good thermal conductor corrosion resistant Antibacterial easily joined Ductile tough
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Motors, pumps, domestic appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, fridges, vacuum cleaners, electric bells),
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high electrical and thermal conductivity, useful strength with high ductility, and corrosion resistance to a wide range of media..
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Alloying
Copper can be combined with other metals to make alloys. copper alloys are: brass: copper + zinc bronze: copper + tin cupro nickel: copper + nickel
Some
The alloys are harder, stronger and tougher than pure copper. They can be made even harder by hammering them - a process called work
hardening.
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and are terminal solid solutions , , , and are terminal solid solutions10
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Zinc is the most popular alloying element and the resulting alloys are known as brasses. Developed to overcome softness, low strength and high casting temp of Cu. Two types:
Alpha () Brasses (Zn upto 36 %), single phase with FCC structure, quite ductile and formable, with both strength and ductility increasing with the zinc content up to about 36%. can be strengthened significantly by cold working and are commercially available in various degrees of cold-worked strength and hardness.
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Cartridge brass, (70% Cu-30% Zn), offers the best overall combination of strength and ductility & has become a
dezincification.
Add 0.1 % As to prevent this & add 2 % Al for better resistance to Corrosion.
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Leaded brass: When high machinability is required, 2 to 3 % lead can be added to the brass to ensure the formation of free-breaking chips. Brass casting alloys are quite popular for use in plumbing fixtures and fittings, low-pressure valves, and a variety of decorative hardware. They have good fluidity during pouring and attractive low melting points. An alloy containing between 50 and 55% copper and the remainder zinc is often used as a filler metal in brazing. obtained by welding.
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Cupro nickel: Cu + Ni (2-30%) Copper and nickel exhibit complete solubility. Key features include:
high thermal conductivity, high-temperature strength, resistance to stresscorrosion cracking and corrosion resistance to a range of materials, including seawater.
Uses include: heat exchangers, cookware, desalination apparatus and a wide variety of coinage. Nickel silvers contain no silver, but 10 to 30% nickel and at least 5% zinc. used for ornamental applications and musical instruments.
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Bronzes
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Strength continues to increase as tin is added up to about 20%, but the high-tin alloys tend to be brittle.
Tin bronzes offer good strength, toughness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.
used for bearings, gears, and fittings that are subjected to heavy compressive load
when the Cu-Sn are used for bearing applications, up to 10% lead is added.
Gunmetal containing 10% tin and 2 % Zn, has very good resistance to seawater corrosion and is used on ships for pipe fittings, gears, pump parts, bushings, and bearings.
Phosphor bronze (0.1 to 0.5%) increases hardness as does addition of Zn, used for springs, instruments & for bearing bushes (in cast condition). 12/14/2011
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used in marine hardware, power shafts, sleeve, bearings, and pump and valve components for handling seawater and various industrial fluids.
6% Al alloy has fine gold colour & used for imitation jewellery & decorative purpose
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Thanks
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