An Introduction to Directional Drilling, For Technical Professionals

Tony Pink Drilling Training Manager, Schlumberger

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 What is Directional Drilling? Why do we need Directional Drilling? How do we deflect wells from vertical?
Jetting Whipstocks PowerPak* Motors PowerDrive* Rotary Steerable system

Introductio n Historical background

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Historical Background
- the 1930s
1st controlled directional wells drilled (initially for unethical proposes, to cross property lines) - Huntington Beach, California
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- 1934
Controlled DD was used to kill a wild well. Beginning of controlled DD Conroe, Texas

Significant Events
Measurement development
1930 Magnetic Single Shot (survey after drilling) 1970s Steering Tool (survey while drilling) 1980 MWD (mud pulse telemetry - no wireline) 1980s LWD (log quality MWD) 1990s GeoSteering

Drilling Tool development

1960s Mud Motor (versatile kick off tool) 1980s Steerable Motor 1988 Horizontal Drilling (drilling for drainage) 1999 Steerable Rotary Drilling
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What is Directional Drilling?

Definition
Directional Drilling
is the engineering effort of deviating a well bore along a planned course to a subsurface target whose location is a given lateral distance and direction from the vertical.
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Why is there a need for Directional Drilling?

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Why Directional Drilling

Sidetracking

Inaccessible Locations

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Salt Dome Drilling

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Fault Controlling

Why Directional Drilling

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Relief Well Drilling

Single Surface Location

Horizontal Drilling
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Multi-Laterals

Deflection Devices
Tools & Techniques to deflect the course of the well in a controlled manner, (overcoming natural tendencies)
Kick-off, nudge (build angle from vertical to a desired
direction)

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Trajectory correction (turn, build, drop to the desired

trajectory)

Sidetrack (deflect the well from its original course)

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Deflection method 1 Jetting

Used in soft formations One large bit nozzle oriented to the desired direction Near Bit Stabilizer and limber assembly Wash a pocket in the formation Spud and rotate, wash, until angle is built Continue building with rotary BHA Azimuth corrections more
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Deflection method 2 Open Hole Whip-stocking

Used in medium to hard formations Bit, NB Stab. pinned to whip and conveyed to bottom Tool Face oriented Whip is wedged on bottom and pin sheared Undersized pilot hole is drilled Only one joint drilled before POOH the BHA Pilot hole opened up and process repeated
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Deflection method 3 PDM

First commercial PDM Hydraulic power to Mech. power driving the Bit String kept stationary - only sliding Bent sub above motor provides side force to the bit Deflects the hole trajectory - kick-off from vertical, sidetrack, correction run, etc. Very efficient when compared to contemporary deflection devices, (jetting, whipstocks ..)
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Deflection method 4 RSS

Rotary steerable can work from vertical Drill off gravity toolface
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Drilling Ahead

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 Rotary Drilling

Drilling ahead after the KickOff

Uses the horsepower from the rig directly down through the drillstring Deviation is controlled by the deflection of the drillcollars Deflection of the drillcollars is controlled by stabilizers
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Steerable motor drilling

Uses hydraulic pressure and flow to give additional rotational speed at the drillbit Setting a bend in the lower part of the motor dictates a DL capability Ideally used in 100% slide or 100% rotation Rotary tendency is controlled by the stabilization

Rotary Steerables
Uses the horsepower from the rig directly down through the drillstring Deviation is controlled by push or point the bit technology 16 Amount of steering is controlled by the stabilization

Stabilization
Stabilized BHA can be designed to build, hold or drop inclination Critical elements:
Stabilizer gauge Stabilizer position Drill collar OD/weight/moment of inertia Hole inclination WOB, RPM, flow rates Hole gauge Bit Type
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Prediction issues (formation effects, bit walk, hole washout )

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BHA's for building Inclination

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BHA's for maintaining Inclination

UG

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BHA's for Dropping Inclination

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Rarely used
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Late 1980s - Steerable Motors

Bend closer to the bit reduces bit offset for equivalent curvature.
< bit offset = < component stress Rotation possible without concern for component failure.
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After kick-off, drill tangents, adjust trajectory without POOH. Bit walk and build/drop tendencies not always predictable with rotary BHAs. Efficiency achieved with motor bits, multi-lobe power sections and wireless MWD.
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PowerPak Motors
80 models from 2 1/8 in. to 11 1/4 in. PowerPak XP & GT extended power sections PowerPak XF & XC short radius drilling Oil seal or mud lubricated bearings
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PDM - Basic Components

Top Sub crosses over from Stator to drillstring. (also dump valve, flex joint..) Power Section Rotor/Stator Transmission shaft transforms eccentric rotation to concentric rotation. Bearing assembly Drive Sub
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Directional Drilling with PDMs

Hydraulic power to Mechanical for powering the Bit. Versatility - flexible components, sensors added, variety of
formations & conditions.

Short & Medium radius curves possible Reduction in:

BHA component weight. String rotation. Casing wear. String vibration.

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Issues:
Hole tortuosity. Bit life, matching bits to motor/formation Slide drilling Stator strength (length & BHA response)
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Slide Drilling & Reactive Torque

Reactive torque increases with:
WOB Depth Motor output Torque (delta p.) Bit aggressiveness
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Decreases with:
Bit balling Formation characteristics Motor wear Bit tooth wear

Tool Face Control issues:

Weight transfer problems Aggressive PDC bit MWD TF updates Laminar formations

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Controlling Orientation
LAST SURVEY 90.6
inclination

UP

LAST TOOL FACE 1.4 R

+ + +

265.4
azimuth

degrees
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LEFT

+ + + + + +++ +

RIGHT

1.5 BH motor
configuration

DOWN

Tool Face Display

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Slide - Rotate Sequence

begin run 8 ft 24ft TFA=10R 8 16 8 TFA=0 6 TFA=20L

Slide Sections
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18 TFA=5R

Rotary Sections

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10 TFA=45R 28 TFA=140R end run

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31

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Slide - Rotate Well Profile

55

50

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INCL (deg)

45

40

35 2500

2550

2600

2650

2700

2750 MD (ft)

2800

2850

2900

2950

3000

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Managing Dogleg
Larger motor bend gives larger dogleg through slides
will minimize steering
saves time
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will increase tortuosity of the wellbore

downhole problems - tripping, logging, casing running increased torque - ability to drill to TD

impact bit and motor and bit performance and durability

Tortuosity is the summation of doglegs in the wellbore

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Calculating Dog-Leg
DogLeg Prediction Program
Version 5.02 Name of the simulation : Motor : A675_S_14 Legends : Motor OD 6.75" Pony Collar length 0" MODIFIED VALUES Lobes and Stages 7:8 / 3.0 Top Stab OD 6.75" 8.375" Bit to bend 91.16" Bit Diameter 8.5" 8.5" Distance to Top Stab. 24" 24" Bend to top stab. 184.85" dadsf Standard Near bit stabilizer and Bit Length 12" 12" STANDARD VALUES Bit Sub length 0" Near Bit Stab OD 7.5" 8.375" Kick Pad Height 0.25" 0.25" Effective K. Pad Dia. 7.25" Stator length 125" 125"

START

Dog-leg calculation based on 3 pt geometry

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Bit to center down stab. 37.48"

Bit to top stab. 276.01"

Casing ID

Bend Angle 0.00 0.39 0.78 1.15 1.50 1.83 2.12 2.38 2.60 2.77 2.90 2.97 3.00

DLS (/100') NEG 0.7 4.0 7.2 10.3 13.1 15.7 17.9 19.8 21.3 22.4 23.1 23.3

Radius Curv. (ft) NEG 8599 1431 792 557 437 365 320 289 269 255 248 246

Pred. Point Min. Passof Contact Thru Dia. kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad kickpad 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.81 9.18 9.53 9.84 10.12 10.35 10.54 10.67 10.75 10.78

Speed Max. RPM 200 200 120 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Only for a casing Force on Force on bit (lbs) top stab. (lbs) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Formation effects Hole gauge effects

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Projecting Trajectory
Projecting ahead to the bit is essential for calculating wellbore position within reservoir
How much slide? How much rotate? What are the dog legs? calculate
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Inclination at Bit
Major influence on TVD control
Powerdrive X5 Xceed
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Parameters Affecting Lost Footage in Recovering from an Exit

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Landing a Medium Radius Horizontal Well

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TVD Control in a Horizontal Well

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Open Hole Sidetracking

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Petrozuata Zuata Field No 18 1 Plan View

-4800 -3200 -1600 0 1600 3200

9600

9600

NORTH >>>

8000

8000

6400

No 18 1B World Record Bit Run

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6400

4800

4800

3200
<<< SOUTH

3200

No 18 1A
1600

No 18 1C
1600

9 5/8" casing
0 0

-4800

-3200
<<< WEST

-1600

1600

3200
EAST >>>

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End of Module

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