Rheology Fundamentals

Lecture Notes 2
Outline
Continuum
Stress
Strain
Ideal Solids
Ideal Liquids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Visco-elastic Behavior
Continuum Approach
What is a continuum?
What is continuum approach?
Eulerian method of description
Lagrangian method of description

Stress
Stress=force/unit area
Tensile
Compressive
Shear
Stress
Body and surface forces

Simple and isolated stresses
Tensile
Compression
Shear

Stress vector
Shear and normal components



Fluid element
The stress vector at the
point on the surface is
given by
0
lim
S
f
S
A
A
| |
|
A
\ .

Af
A
S
y
x
z

n
Stress Tensor
Stress tensor
Numbers of unknowns
Sign convention

Stress in static fluids
Hydrostatic pressure

Stress in dynamic fluids
Pressure and viscous stresses

Invariant of stress tensor

Principal stresses

(3.58) f dSn = -H
Total stress tensor
(3.83) pI t H = +
Extra stress tensor or
Viscous stress tensor or
Dissipative stress tensor
Viscous Stress Tensor for a
Newtonian Incompressible Fluid
( )
j
i
ij
j i
v
v
x x
t
c
c
= +
c c
Viscosity
Deformation
When you apply an external force to a
body, you either cause a rigid body
movement and/or you cause a change in
shape. In rheology, we are interested in
the description of the change in shape.

Change in shape is the change of
distances between points within a
continuum and is a geometrical concept.
Concepts used to Describe
Deformation
Compressible and Incompressible materials
Lagrange and Euclidian Approaches
Translation
Rotation
Linear and angular deformation
Rate of deformation
Velocity
Acceleration
Velocity gradient
Vorticity
Strain
Average strain
Strain tensor
Rate of change of strain tensor
Principal strain
Strain
Strain is the absolute amount of distortion
which occurs, expressed as a fraction of
an original dimension of the unstressed
sample. Strain is dimensionless.
Tensile strain
Compressive strain
Shear strain
Rate of strain

Relation Between Force and
Deformation
Relation for ideal solids
Relation for ideal fluids
Relation for viscoelastic materials
Constitutive equations or rheological
equations of state
Important Deformations in
Rheology
Shear

Elongation

Ideal Solids
Hooks Law 1676
http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Flash/ClassMe
chanics/HookesLaw/HookesLaw.html

Ideal Liquids
Newtons Law
The resistance of which arises from
the lack of slipperiness originating
In a fluid, other things being equal, is
proportional to the velocity by which
the parts o f the fluid are being separated
from each other. Isaac N. Newton (1687)
From Rheology Principles, Measurements, and Applications
By C. W. Macosko, 1994, VCH Publishers, page 65
Visco-elastic Behavior
Elasticoviscous fluids
Viscoelastic solids
Creep
Relaxation
Material models

Ludwig Boltzmann

Voigt (Kelvin-Voigt) Model for
Viscoelastic Behavior
Spring
Elastic Modulus

Force)
(Position)
Dashpot
Viscosity

Force (Speed)
Woldemar Voigt
(1850-1919)
Lord Kelvin
(1824-1907)
Maxwell Model for
Viscoelastic Behavior
James Clerk Maxwell
1831-1879
Non-Newtonian Behavior
Bingham body
Yield stress
Psudoplastic behavior
Dilatancy
St. Venant body
Apparent viscosity
The power law or Ostwald model (Ostwald de Walle)
Time-dependent behavior
Thixotropic
Rheotropic or anti-thixotropic


References
Chapter 1 of your text book

Rheology Study of Flow by George Smoluk, SPE
Journal, Vol 27, 1971.

Chapter 5 of Introduction to Fluid Mechanics by Fox,
McDonald, and Pritchard, 6
th
edition, Wiley

Rheology Study of Flow, G.R. Smoluk, SPE Journal, Vol.
27, December 1971, pages 19-30

http://www.rheologyschool.com/rheology_glossary.html