Process Capability

Introduction to Process Capability
2012 ASQ. All Rights Reserved.
About this Module

Process capability enables the prediction of the ability of any process to produce products and services that meet their specifications. This module focuses on typical manufacturing processes. Transactional and other manufacturing processes will be discussed in the Advanced Process Capability module. The principles of process capability will be introduced - then Minitab will be used to calculate process capabilities.
2012 ASQ Slide 2
What We Will Learn

At the conclusion of this module participants will be able to: 1. Recognize the value of and uses for process capability. 2. Calculate and explain the capability of processes whose output is normally distributed. 3. Predict the probability that the output of a process will be within its specification limits.
2012 ASQ Slide 3
Basic Principle
All measures of process capability are based on the concept of calculating the number of standard deviations between the process center and the specification limits. A Six Sigma process has six units of standard deviation between the process center and both specification limits.
LSL
2012 ASQ Slide 4
USL
Visualizing Process Capability
Process width Specification width

2012 ASQ Slide 5
Quantifying Process Capability

Yield of a one sigma process 0.683
If we assume the process is centered on the target and does not shift or drift the yields would be. Process Sigma Yield 1 0.6826895 2 0.9544997 3 0.9973002 4 0.9999367 5 0.9999994 6 1.0000000
LSL
USL
2012 ASQ Slide 6
Calculating Yield
We know that Z is the number of units of standard deviation on a standard normal curve which has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. We also know any normal distribution can be converted to the standard normal using the equation for Z.
x Z
If the specification limits are substituted for X we can determine the number of units of standard deviation between the process center and the specification limits on the standard normal curve. Then we can use the tables to look up the probability a value will be less than that number.
X X s
In most cases we do not know or , so we substitute the sample statistics for the population parameters as shown.
2012 ASQ Slide 7
Calculating Yield Example

Consider a process that has the following specification limits: Lower Specification Limit (LSL) of -1 Upper Specification Limit (USL) of 1. Data indicates the process is centered on 0 with a standard deviation of 1. What is the yield?
USL-X ZUSL= s 1-0 ZUSL= =1 1

Using tables to look up the area under the curve when Z=1 we find .8413. This means that 84.13% of the product has a value less than the upper specification limit.
2012 ASQ Slide 8
Calculating Yield Example - continued

Z LSL= LSL-X s -1-0 = -1 ZLSL = 1
Again using tables to look up the area under the curve when Z=-1 we find .1586. This means that 15.86% of the product has a value less than the lower specification limit. The yield is the value that is less than or equal to the USL and greater than or equal to the LSL. Thus the yield is (.8413 - .1586) or .6827, which is 68.27% (recall area under the curve at 1 standard deviation).
2012 ASQ Slide 9
Calculating the Yield in Minitab

Graph > Probability Distribution Plot
2012 ASQ Slide 10
2012 ASQ Slide 11

Normal, Mean=0, StDev=1 0.4 0.6827
Distribution Plot
0.3
Density
0.2
0.1
0.0
-1
0 X
2012 ASQ Slide 12
Process Capability Terms

Measures of the ability of a process to produce compliant products/services: Cp - Short-term process capability
For a limited period of time (not including shifts and drifts)
Does not consider process centering

Also known as process entitlement For a limited period of time (not including shifts and drifts)
Cpk - Short-term process capability index
Does consider process centering

For an extended period of time (including shifts and drifts) Does not consider process centering For an extended period of time (including shifts and drifts) Does consider process centering
Pp - Long-term process capability

Ppk - Long-term process capability index

See formulae on next page.

2012 ASQ Slide 13
Capability Formulae
Cp = Pp = Cpk= Ppk=
Lesser of: Specification Width (s) Short-Term Process Width =
USL-LSL 6 ST
USL-LSL 6 LT
Specification Width (s) Long-Term Process Width Lesser of:
USL-X or 3 ST
USL-X or 3 LT
X-LSL 3 ST
X-LSL 3 LT
2012 ASQ Slide 14
Capability Formulae
_ ^ ^ where ST = R/d2*; LT =
((xi x)2/(n 1))
* d2 - Shewhart constant, based on subgroup size
Statistics for Quality - 2004
2012 ASQ Slide 15
Process Capability Using Minitab

Consider an injection molding machine with 5 cavities that is producing plastic bottle caps with a target value of 1 inch and a tolerance of .005.
If we are relatively confident that there is little variation between cavities, we might look at this example as having a subgroup size equal to 5. This practice is not a common one and should only be attempted with caution. The data is in Bottle Caps.mtw.
2012 ASQ Slide 16
Decision Tree to Minitab Path

Data Discrete Continuous Note: If possible plot the data in time sequence to determine stability before determining process capability. See Control Chart Selection for the appropriate charting method. Defective (Attribute) Defects (Count) P.05 Yes
No
Data Normal? Stat >Basic Stat >Normality test
P<.05 No
Stat> Quality Tools >Process Capability Binomial
Raw Data
Yes
Normal
Non-Normal
St at>Quality Tools>Process Capability Poisson
Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability> Normal
Yes
No
Stratified
1. Yield can be modeled using e^(-dpu) 2. Process yield can be converted to process sigma using the standard normal distribution. Calc>Probability Distributions>Normal> Inverse 3. To convert from long term to short term add 1.5 sigma
Investigate causes and take action.
Check for a distribution that fits Stat>Quality Tools>Individual Distribution Identification
No
Box Cox transformation Stat>Control Charts>Box Cox Transformation
Any distribution with a P value >.05?
Yes
Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability>Non-normal Select the distribution that matches

No
Yes
Is the transformed data normal?
Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability Normal>Box Cox select optimal Lambda
Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability>Non-normal >Johnson Transformation
2012 ASQ Slide 17
Using Minitab
The data is continuous so test for normality Stat>Basic Statistics>Normality Test
2012 ASQ Slide 18
The Normality Test

Probability Plot of Caps
Normal 99.99 99 95
Percent
Mean 1.000 StDev 0.001986 N 750 AD 0.619 P-Value 0.107
80 50 20 5 1 0.01 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1.000 1.002 1.004 1.006 1.008 Caps
The P value is > .05 therefore do not reject the assumption of normality. Much more about this in week 2.
Worksheet: Bottle Caps.MTW
2012 ASQ Slide 19
Using Minitab to Calculate Process Capability
2012 ASQ Slide 20
Using Minitab to Calculate Process Capability- With Cpm, Cp and Pp
2012 ASQ Slide 21
Minitab Results
Process Capability of Caps
LSL
P rocess LS L Target USL S ample M ean S ample N S tD ev (Within) S tD ev (O v erall) D ata 0.995 1 1.005 1.00006 750 0.00198431 0.00198636
Target
USL Within Ov erall

P otential (Within) C apability Cp 0.84 C P L 0.85 C P U 0.83 C pk 0.83 O v erall C apability Pp PPL PPU P pk C pm 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84
0.
O bserv ed P erformance % < LS L 0.40 % > U S L 0.67 % Total 1.07
4 99
5 0.
6 99
0 0.
7 99
5 0.
9 99
0 1.
0 00
5 1.
2 00
0 1.
3 00
5 1.
5 00
E xp. Within P erformance % < LS L 0.54 % > U S L 0.64 % Total 1.18
E xp. O v erall P erformance % < LS L 0.54 % > U S L 0.65 % Total 1.19
Lets examine this in detail
2012 ASQ Slide 22
Process Data
Calculated directly from the data. The within standard deviation is the pooled standard deviation of the subgroups.
LSL
P rocess Data LS L 0.995 Target 1 USL 1.005 S ample M ean 1.00006 S ample N 750 S tDev (Within) 0.00198431 S tDev (O v erall) 0.00198636
Target
USL Within Ov erall

0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 23
Observed Performance
LSL
Target
USL Within Ov erall

The percent that was outside of the upper and lower specification limits in this data set.
0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 24
Expected Within Performance

The percent that is expected to be outside of the upper and lower specification limits on an short term basis. This projection is based on the within standard deviation and the process mean.
LSL
Target
USL Within Ov erall

0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 25
Expected Overall Performance

The percent that is expected to be outside of the upper and lower specification limits on an long term basis. This projection is based on the overall standard deviation and the process mean.
LSL
Target
USL Within Ov erall

0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 26
Calculating Cpk and Ppk

LSL
Cpl and Cpu are calculated using the process mean, the respective specification limits and the within standard deviation. Cpk is the lesser of Cpl or Cpu.
Within Ov erall
Target
USL
0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 27
Calculating Cpk and Ppk

LSL
PPL and PPU are calculated using the process mean, the respective specification limits and the overall standard deviation. Ppk is the lesser of PPL or PPU.
Within Ov erall
Target
USL
0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 28
Within - Between
LSL
This process is very stable as indicated by the Within and Between lines being very close together.
Target
USL Within Ov erall

0
9 .9
45 0
9 .9
60 0
9 .9
75 0
9 .9
90 1
0 .0
05 1
0 .0
20 1
0 .0
35 1
0 .0
50
2012 ASQ Slide 29
Using the Assistant
2012 ASQ Slide 30
Assistant Result
Capability Analysis for Caps Diagnostic Report
Xbar-R Chart Confirm that the process is stable. 1.002
Mean
Statistical Process Control chart indicates the process is stable. Note: stability and capability are evaluated independently.
1.000 0.998 0.010
Range
0.005 0.000 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136
Normality Plot The points should be close to the line.
Normality Test (Anderson-Darling) Results P-value Pass 0.107
Same result, passes normality test
2012 ASQ Slide 31
Assistant Result
Capability Analysis for Caps Summary Report
How capable is the process? 0 6 Customer Requirements Upper Spec Target Lower Spec Process Characterization Does the process mean differ from 1? 0 0.05 0.1 > 0.5 Mean Standard deviation Actual (overall) capability Pp Ppk Z.Bench % Out of spec Comments Conclusions -- The process mean does not differ significantly from the target (p > 0.05). -- The defect rate is 1.19%, which estimates the percentage of parts from the process that are outside the spec limits. Actual (overall) capability is what the customer experiences. 1.0001 0.0019864 1.005 1 0.995
Low
Z.Bench = 2.26
High
Yes
P = 0.378
No
Actual (overall) Capability Are the data inside the limits and close to the target?
LSL Target USL
0.84 0.83 2.26 1.19
0.9945 0.9960 0.9975 0.9990 1.0005 1.0020 1.0035 1.0050
2012 ASQ Slide 32
A Process That Drifts

Consider a similar process that does change over time.
Datafile/Caps Drift.mtw. First test for normality
2012 ASQ Slide 33
Normality Test
Probability Plot of Caps Drift
Normal 99.99 99 95
Percent
Mean 1.000 StDev 0.001291 N 720 AD 0.326 P-Value 0.520
80 50 20 5 1 0.01 0.9950
Do not reject the assumption of normality.
0.9975
1.0000 Caps Drift
1.0025
1.0050
Worksheet: Caps Drift.MTW
2012 ASQ Slide 34
Capability Analysis
2012 ASQ Slide 35
Capability Analysis
Process Capability of Caps Drift
LSL
P rocess D ata LS L 0.995 Target 1 USL 1.005 S ample M ean 0.999998 S ample N 720 S tD ev (Within) 0.00102066 S tD ev (O v erall) 0.00129055
Target
USL Within Ov erall

This process is changing over time as indicated by the difference between the Within and Between lines. Plot this data using a control chart.
0.9960 0.9975 0.9990 1.0005 1.0020 1.0035 1.0050
O bserv ed P erformance % < LS L 0.00 % > U S L 0.00 % Total 0.00 E xp. Within P erformance % < LS L 0.00 % > U S L 0.00 % Total 0.00 E xp. O v erall P erformance % < LS L 0.01 % > U S L 0.01 % Total 0.01
2012 ASQ Slide 36
Control Chart
Stat>Control Charts>Variable Charts for Subgroups
Note: Any point outside of the control limits indicates an assignable cause (non-random event). Control Charts will be covered in detail later in the course. Control charts are only used here to assess process stability.
2012 ASQ Slide 37
Control Charts Shows Process Drift

Xbar-R Chart of Caps Drift
1.002
Sample Mean
1 1 22 1 2 5 5 22 2 22 2 5 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 622 2 6 2 6 22 2 2 22 1
57 71 Sample
1.000
1 5 5522 22 5 55 2 5 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 22 2 5 5 2 222 2 55 1 1 11 1
127 141
UCL=1.001368
_ _ X=0.999998
LCL=0.998629
8
0.998 1 15 29
5 5 1
43
85
99
113
1
0.0045
Sample Range
UCL=0.005020
0.0030 0.0015 0.0000 1 15 29 43 57 71 Sample 85 99 113 127 141
_ R=0.002374 2
LCL=0
Worksheet: Caps Drift.MTW
2012 ASQ Slide 38
Assistant Setup
2012 ASQ Slide 39
Assistant Result
Capability Analysis for Caps Drift Diagnostic Report
Xbar-R Chart Confirm that the process is stable. 1.002
Mean
Statistical Process Control chart indicates the process is stable. Note: stability and capability are evaluated independently.
1.000 0.998
Range
0.004 0.002 0.000 1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141
Normality Plot The points should be close to the line.
Normality Test (Anderson-Darling) Results P-value Pass 0.520
Same result, passes normality test
2012 ASQ Slide 40
Exercise 1 - Comparing Two Processes

Two suppliers have submitted sample parts. The parts were created in subgroups of 5 and the specification limits are: LSL 14.8 USL 15.2 Use the Minitabs Assistant to compare the processes
Data file = Compare Suppliers.mtw
2012 ASQ Slide 41
Assistant Dialog
2012 ASQ Slide 42
Assistant Output
Before/After Capability Comparison for Supplier 1 vs Supplier 2 Summary Report
Reduction in % Out of Spec
100%
% Out of spec was reduced by 100% from 69.74% to 0.01%.
Lower Spec 14.8
Customer Requirements Target 15
Upper Spec 15.2
Was the process standard deviation reduced? 0 0.05 0.1 > 0.5
Statistics
Before 14.970 0.51343 0.13 0.11 -0.52 69.74 697373
After 14.998 0.051757 1.29 1.28 3.69 0.01 113
Change 0.028137 -0.46167 1.16 1.17 4.21 -69.73 -697260
Yes
P = 0.000 Did the process mean change? 0 0.05 0.1
No
> 0.5
Yes
P = 0.136 Actual (overall) Capability Are the data inside the limits and close to the target?
LSLTarget SL U
No
Mean Standard deviation Capability Pp Ppk Z.Bench % Out of spec PPM (DPMO)
Comments Before: Supplier 1 After: Supplier 2
Before
Conclusions -- The process standard deviation was reduced significantly (p < 0.05). -- The process mean did not change significantly (p > 0.05). Actual (overall) capability is what the customer experiences.
After
2012 ASQ Slide 43
Assistant Output
Before/After Capability Comparison for Supplier 1 vs Supplier 2 Process Performance Report
Capability Histogram Are the data inside the limits and close to the target?
LSL TargetUSL
Process Characterization Before Total N Subgroup size Mean StDev (overall) StDev (within) 750 5 14.970 0.51343 0.51061 After 750 5 14.998 0.051757 0.051383 Change
Before
0.028137 -0.46167 -0.45923
Capability Statistics Before After 1.29 1.28 3.69 0.00 0.01 0 113 1.30 1.28 3.72 0.01 100 Change 1.16 1.17 4.21 -70.27 -69.73 -702667 -697260 1.17 1.17 4.23 -69.57 -695692 Actual (overall) Pp Ppk Z.Bench % Out of spec (obs) % Out of spec (exp) PPM (DPMO) (obs) PPM (DPMO) (exp) Potential (within) Cp Cpk Z.Bench % Out of spec (exp) PPM (DPMO) (exp)
After
0.13 0.11 -0.52 70.27 69.74 702667 697373 0.13 0.11 -0.51 69.58 695792
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.8
15.2
15.6
16.0
16.4
Actual (overall) capability is what the customer experiences. Potential (within) capability is what could be achieved if process shifts and drifts were eliminated.
2012 ASQ Slide 44
Exercise 2
Assume a process owner has asked you analyze the data in Process Capability Exercise 1.mtw. Parts A and B are made on different machines in lots (subgroups) of 5.
The customer has established specification limits of 10 .1 and requires a Ppk of 1.33.
Prepare a brief presentation to describe your analysis and recommendations? Remember to present data practically, graphically and analytically.
2012 ASQ Slide 45
Exercise 2 - Normality Tests

Graph > Probability Plot > Multiple
2012 ASQ Slide 46
Exercise 2 - Normality Tests

Probability Plot of Part A, Part B
Normal 99.99
Variable Part A Part B Mean 10.00 10.00 StDev N AD P 0.05049 750 0.420 0.324 0.05647 750 0.248 0.752
99 95
Percent
80 50 20 5 1
0.01
9.8
9.9
10.0 Data
10.1
10.2
No reason to reject the assumption of normality for either part.

2012 ASQ Slide 47
Exercise 2 - Prepare the Control Charts
2012 ASQ Slide 48
Control Chart Shows Process Stability

Xbar-R Chart of Part A
UCL=10.0675 10.05
Sample Mean
10.00
_ _ X=10.0009
9.95 LCL=9.9343 1 16 31 46 61 76 Sample 91 106 121 136
UCL=0.2441
Sample Range
0.2
4
0.1
4 4 4
_ R=0.1154
0.0 1 16 31 46 61 76 Sample 91 106 121 136
LCL=0
Worksheet: Process Capability Exercise 1.MTW

2012 ASQ Slide 49
Control Chart Shows Variation Over Time

Xbar-R Chart of Part B
1 1
10.05
Sample Mean
11
1 5
UCL=10.0662
10.00 9.95 9.90 1
_ _ X=9.9996 5 1
16 31 46
5 1
61 76 Sample 91 106
1
121
LCL=9.9330
1
136
UCL=0.2441
Sample Range
0.2
4
0.1
4 4 4
_ R=0.1154
0.0 1 16 31 46 61 76 Sample 91 106 121 136
LCL=0

2012 ASQ Slide 50
Exercise 2 - Process Capabilities
2012 ASQ Slide 51
Process Capability- Part A

Process Capability of Part A
LSL
Process Data LSL 9.9 Target 10 USL 10.1 Sample Mean 10.0009 Sample N 750 StDev(Within) 0.0496334 StDev(Overall) 0.0504922
Target
USL
Within Overall
Potential (Within) Capability Cp 0.67 CPL 0.68 CPU 0.67 Cpk 0.67 Overall Capability Pp PPL PPU Ppk Cpm 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.66
9.88
Observed Performance % < LSL 1.87 % > USL 2.80 % Total 4.67
9.92
9.96 10.00 10.04 10.08 10.12

Exp. Overall Performance % < LSL 2.28 % > USL 2.49 % Total 4.77
Exp. Within Performance % < LSL 2.10 % > USL 2.30 % Total 4.40
2012 ASQ Slide 52
Process Capability- Part B

Process Capability of Part B
LSL
Target
USL Within Ov erall

9.84
9.90
9.96
10.02 10.08 10.14
2012 ASQ Slide 53
Using Minitab Assistant
2012 ASQ Slide 54
Assistant Output
Reduction in % Out of Spec 61% % Out of spec increased by 61% from 4.77% to 7.66%.
This shows negative improvement. Lets reverse the order to make interpretation easier.
Before/After Capability Comparison for Part A vs Part B Summary Report

Lower Spec 9.9 Customer Requirements Target 10 Upper Spec 10.1
Statistics
Before 10.001 0.050492 0.66 0.65 1.67 4.77
After 9.9996 0.056473 0.59 0.59 1.43 7.66
Change -1.31E-03 0.0059805 -0.07 -0.07 -0.24 2.89
Yes
No
P = 0.999 Did the process mean change?
0.05
0.1
> 0.5
Yes
No
LSL Target USL
Mean Standard deviation Capability Pp Ppk Z.Bench % Out of spec
Comments Before: Part A After: Part B
Before
Conclusions -- The process standard deviation was not reduced significantly (p > 0.05). -- The process mean did not change significantly (p > 0.05). Actual (overall) capability is what the customer experiences.
After
2012 ASQ Slide 55
Reversing Entries in Minitab Assistant
2012 ASQ Slide 56
Exercise 2 Assistant Output

Capability Comparison for Part B vs Part A Summary Report
Part A has less Defectives than Part B 38% % Out of spec was reduced by 38% from 7.66% to 4.77%. Lower Spec 9.9 Customer Requirements Target 10 Upper Spec 10.1
Statistics
Before 9.9996 0.056473 0.59 0.59 1.43 7.66
After 10.001 0.050492 0.66 0.65 1.67 4.77
Change 0.0013091 -5.98E-03 0.07 0.07 0.24 -2.89
Yes
P = 0.001 Did the process mean change? 0 0.05 0.1
No
> 0.5
Yes
No
LSL Target USL
Mean Standard deviation Capability Pp Ppk Z.Bench % Out of spec
Comments
Before: Part B
After: Part A
Before
After
Conclusions -- The process standard deviation was reduced significantly (p < 0.05). -- The process mean did not change significantly (p > 0.05). Actual (overall) capability is what the customer experiences.
2012 ASQ Slide 57
Exercise 2 Assistant Output

Capability Comparison for Part B vs Part A Diagnostic Report
Xbar-R Charts Confirm that the Before and After process conditions are stable.
Part B
10.05
Mean
Note: Before and After were changed to Part B and Part A by double clicking on the field and typing the modified data.
Part A
10.00 9.95
0.2
Range
0.1 0.0 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136
Normality Plots The points should be close to the line. Part B Part A Normality Test (Anderson-Darling) Part B Results P-value Pass 0.752 Part A Pass 0.324
2012 ASQ Slide 58
What We Have Learned

1. Recognized the value of and uses for process capability. 2. Calculated and explained the capability of processes whose output is normally distributed. 3. Predicted the probability that the output of a process will be within its specification limits.
2012 ASQ Slide 59

Process Capability

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Process Capability

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Introduction to Process Capability

2012 ASQ. All Rights Reserved.

About this Module

2012 ASQ Slide 2

What We Will Learn

2012 ASQ Slide 3

2012 ASQ Slide 4

Visualizing Process Capability

Process width Specification width

Quantifying Process Capability

2012 ASQ Slide 6

2012 ASQ Slide 7

Calculating Yield Example

USL-X ZUSL= s 1-0 ZUSL= =1 1

2012 ASQ Slide 8

Calculating Yield Example - continued

2012 ASQ Slide 9

Calculating the Yield in Minitab

2012 ASQ Slide 10

Calculating the Yield in Minitab

2012 ASQ Slide 11

Calculating the Yield in Minitab

2012 ASQ Slide 12

Process Capability Terms

For a limited period of time (not including shifts and drifts)

Does not consider process centering

Cpk - Short-term process capability index

Does consider process centering

Pp - Long-term process capability

Ppk - Long-term process capability index

See formulae on next page.

Specification Width (s) Long-Term Process Width Lesser of:

2012 ASQ Slide 14

((xi x)2/(n 1))

* d2 - Shewhart constant, based on subgroup size

Statistics for Quality - 2004

2012 ASQ Slide 15

Process Capability Using Minitab

2012 ASQ Slide 16

Decision Tree to Minitab Path

Data Normal? Stat >Basic Stat >Normality test

Stat> Quality Tools >Process Capability Binomial

St at>Quality Tools>Process Capability Poisson

Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability> Normal

Investigate causes and take action.

Check for a distribution that fits Stat>Quality Tools>Individual Distribution Identification

Box Cox transformation Stat>Control Charts>Box Cox Transformation

Any distribution with a P value >.05?

Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability>Non-normal Select the distribution that matches

Is the transformed data normal?

Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability Normal>Box Cox select optimal Lambda

Stat>Quality Tools>Process Capability>Non-normal >Johnson Transformation

2012 ASQ Slide 17

2012 ASQ Slide 18

The Normality Test

Worksheet: Bottle Caps.MTW

2012 ASQ Slide 19

Using Minitab to Calculate Process Capability

2012 ASQ Slide 20

Using Minitab to Calculate Process Capability- With Cpm, Cp and Pp

2012 ASQ Slide 21

USL Within Ov erall

E xp. Within P erformance % < LS L 0.54 % > U S L 0.64 % Total 1.18