From the Crusades to New Muslim Empires

Chapter 11

11.1 Introduction
The Crusades were a series of religious wars against Muslims by Christians between 1096 and 1291 to control Palestine (the Holy Land). What was the most important city in Palestine and why? In 1095, the Byzantine emperor asked pope Urban II for help in reclaiming Palestine from the Seljuk Turks.

11.2 What Were the Events Leading Up to the Crusades?

The Seljuk Turks created a new dynasty that conquered the Abbasids, Fatimids, and the Byzantines. Where were the Abbasids and Fatimids? European Christians worried about the safety and property of Christians in the East, and the Holy Land. Why is Jerusalem a sacred city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims? Palestine had originally come under Muslim rule in the 7th C. where Muslims built the Dome of the Rock. What is the significance of the Dome of the Rock? After the Seljuks took control of Palestine, Christians worried they wouldnt be able to visit the Holy Land or Constantinople.

11.3 What Was the Story of the Crusades?

In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade to drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem. Inspired thousands of Knights and townspeople to crusade in the name of faith, for trade, and fortune. Why trade and fortune?

Pope Urban II at Clermonte

 30,000 crusaders led by 4 nobles fought through Anatolia towards Palestine where they captured Antioch. But what city are they really after? A year later they captured Jerusalem where they slaughtered Jews and Muslims, and set up 4 crusader kingdoms. What happened to the survivors?

What Was the First Crusade (10961099)?

Anatolia

The 4 Crusader Kingdoms

Cavalry charge at Antioch

What Was the Second Crusade (11461148)?

What factors contributed to a crusader victory in the First Crusade? In 1144 Muslims recaptured the northernmost crusader kingdom, so crusaders launched the 2nd Crusade. German army was beat at Anatolia while a 2nd French army arrived in Jerusalem. 50,000 crusaders were beat at Edessa and the French army went home. So was this crusade a success? 2nd Crusade was a failure.

What Was the Third Crusade (11891192)?

Who was Saladin? In 1187 Saladin recaptured Palestine and Jerusalem which sparked the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart. What did King Richard capture in 1191 and what did he do to the prisoners? By 1192, both armies had grown weak and signed a peace treaty; Christians got to keep a few cities and were allowed to pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Versus

What Were the Later Crusades?

Were any of the other crusades successful? In 1291 Muslims recaptured Acre, the last crusader city, which ended 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. What was the only really successful crusade? The First Crusade

What Was the Reconquista?

It was a Christian war to retake the Iberian Peninsula. Where is the Iberian Peninsula? When the caliphate in Cordoba broke up into rival kingdoms, Christians took advantage and captured Toledo. By 1248, only Granada remained in Muslim hands. In late 1400s King Ferdinand implemented the Inquisition to seek out nonChristians to unite Spain as a Catholic country. What was the Inquisition? It was a church court used to seek out heretics through torture and interrogation.

 In 1492 Granada fell to Spanish armies and Jews were told to convert or leave. 170,000 Jews left and in 1609, remaining Muslims were expelled.

11.4 What Was the Impact on Christians?

Economics: increased the need for money, tax system, and banking. Why? Increased the power of the monarchs. How? They learned of new foods and goods. Like what?

What Were the Experiences of Individuals?

Richard I taxed his people heavily and spent most of his reign on the Crusades. Some Crusaders were only out for money and glorythe Fourth Crusade even looted Constantinople. Do you think most of the crusaders got rich?

11.5 What Was the Impact on Muslims?

New weapons and tactics like standing armies. New riches from trade w/ Europe. What do you think most of the money went towards?

What Were the experiences of Individuals?

Saladin learned during the 2nd Crusade that Muslims had to be unified under strong leadership. Who was Usamah?

11.6 What Was the Impact on Jews?

Jews were murdered, forced into slavery, synagogues were destroyed, and some were tortured to convert to Christianity. Anti-Semitism spread throughout Europe. Guess who became a main target Jews were forced out of England, France, and Spain. What happened to Jews that remained in Europe?

Keep it movin

Even Galileo

11.7 What Was the Mongol Invasion?

In the 13th C. under the leadership of Geghis Khan, Mongols moved west sweeping through central Asia, slaughtering hundreds of thousands of Muslims. Their empire covered most of Asia. Mongols were checked by the Mamluks who went on to rule Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Anatolia. What religion did they convert to? They b/g converting to Islam.

Mamluks

Genghis Khan

11.8 What Were the New Muslim Empires?

Who Were the Ottomans? A Turk named Osmas I started the Ottoman Empire in early 13th C. in Anatolia. Ther Ottomans were checked by Timur Lang in 1402, but revived after his death in 1405. They conquered the Byzantines and renamed Constantinople Istanbul.

Osmas I

Timur Lang

Sulieman

Ottoman Empire at its peak

The Progression

Who were the Mughals?

Muslim empire led by Babur that controlled most of India.

Babur