Immunity

How does it work?

Primary Function of the Immune System

Provides protection against disruption by pathogens or toxins Helps discriminate between self and nonself Pathogen - Definition:
Any disease causing agent (microorganisms)

Types:
Bacteria Viruses Parasites Fungi

Pathogen Comparison
Bacteria vs. Virus

Are they living? Can they reproduce? Do antibiotics work? How do they attack?

Yes

?
Not a cell DNA+ protein

Yes
Yes Enters body, makes proteins & enzymes that are toxic (antigens)

Not without a host

No, can only treat symptoms
1)injects DNA into host 2)Uses hosts machinery to make more viruses 3)host breaks open releasing virus copies

The Defenses
Non-Specific

Definition:
Agents do not have to recognize a foreign invader to fight it (work by preventing pathogen from entering the body)

Examples:
Skin Tears Saliva Sweat Mucus Macrophage

The Defenses

Definition:

Specific

Agents attacks only certain invaders, specialized defense

Types of Cells
Helper T cells
1st line of specific defense Help recruit other immune cells & tell them to attack certain invaders

Killer T cells
Can distinguish virus infected cells from uninfected cells by the unique molecular signals on the infected cells surface

B cells
Told by helper T cells to make antibodies to prevent specific antigens from hurting the body. Memory

Lymphocyte Function

T cell response
Attach to foreign antigen bearing cells and interact directly

Cell Mediated Immunity

B cell response Differentiate into plasma cells

Antibody Mediated Immunity

Produce antibodies

Antibodies & Antigens

Proteins Can recognize chemical signals from another cell (pathogen) Self Y shape

Chemical signal on the surface of a pathogen

Cell Mediated Immunity

Killer (cytotoxic) T cells

Killer T cells recognize body cells infected with a virus; then destroy those cells by drilling holes in their plasma membranes.

Cell or Antibody Mediated Immunity

Helper T cells
Helper T cells start the immune response by activating B or T cells.

T cells and cell-mediated immunity

Macrophage

Antigen-presenting cell cytotoxic T cell suppressor T cell

Helper T cell

Antigen-presenting cell

APC

B cell

Antibody Mediated Immunity

B cells
Activated when it encounters an antigen that fits its antigen receptor Proliferates (colonial expansion)
Plasma cells->antibodies Memory cells-->future fights

What is in the shot they give you?

Dead or inactive (attenuated) pathogens

Vaccines

How does it work?

Cause B cells to make antibodies against the foreign antigen

The Memory of Infection

Autoimmune Disorders

Auto = self Definition: a disease in which the immune system attacks the tissue of the body; cause is generally unknown Immune system distinguishes self from non-self Examples:
multiple sclerosis (MS) T cells destroy myelin sheath around neurons

Cold Virus, Rubella, & Strep

Common Cold Virus

Influenza; contagious viral
infection of the nose, throat and lungs which often occurs in the winter.

Treatments:
Strep Throat
Antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin

Rubella virus
German measles

Rubella
Vaccine

Streptococcus bacterium
Strep throat is an infection of the pharynx caused by streptococcus bacteria.

Influenza

AIDS-HIV