Chemistry Hhaha

www.chemsheets.co.
uk
A2 032
17-Jul-12
www.chemsheets.co.uk
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Protons and neutrons can be regarded as spinning about their axis. In many atoms these spins are paired against each other and so the nucleus has no overall spin (e.g. 12C). In some atoms (e.g. 1H and 13C) the nucleus has an overall spin. A nucleus that spins generates a magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field depends which way the nucleus spins.
www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 032 17-Jul-12
Usually the two possible spin states of the nucleus have the same amount of energy. However, in a magnetic field, the two spin states have different energies.
Energy
Magnetic field opposed to applied field Energy gap corresponds to frequency of radiowaves
Applied magnetic field
Magnetic field in same direction as applied field

butanone
A2 032
17-Jul-12
In a spectrum, there is one signal for each set of equivalent H atoms. The intensity of each signal being proportional to the number of equivalent H atoms it represents.
A2 032
17-Jul-12
CH3
CH2
Br
CH3
2 sets of equivalent Hs: ratio 6:2 (3:1)
CH3
CH
CH2
CH3
4 sets of equivalent Hs: ratio 3:1:2:3
Br CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3

5 sets of equivalent Hs: ratio 3:1:2:2:3
CH3 CH3 C OH CH2 CH3

4 sets of equivalent Hs: ratio 6:1:2:3
A2 032
17-Jul-12
For each of the following compounds, predict the number of signals and the relative intensity of the signals. a) b) c) d) e) methylpropene propene 2-chloropropane propanone methylamine f) ethyl propanoate g) 1,2-dibromopropane h) dimethylethyl propanoate i) but-2-ene
A2 032
17-Jul-12
CH3 CH2 C CH3

CH3
O C
1 signal
CH3
2 signals: ratio 6:2 (3:1)
CH2
CH
CH3
CH3
NH2
3 signals: ratio 2:1:3
2 signals: ratio 3:2
Cl CH3 CH CH3
CH3 CH2
O C O CH2 CH3
2 signals: ratio 6:1
4 signals: ratio 3:2:2:3
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Br CH2
Br CH CH3
O CH3 CH2 C O
CH3 C CH3 CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
2 signals: ratio 6:2 (3:1)
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Samples are dissolved in solvents free of 1H atoms, e.g. CCl4, CDCl3. A small amount of TMS (tetramethylsilane) is added to calibrate the spectrum. It is used because: its signal is away from all the others it only gives one signal it is non-toxic it is inert it has a low boiling point so is easy to remove
CH3 CH3 Si CH3 CH3
A2 032
17-Jul-12
A2 032
17-Jul-12
A2 032
17-Jul-12
A2 032
17-Jul-12
chemical shift
A2 032
17-Jul-12
chemical shift
A2 032
17-Jul-12
A2 032
17-Jul-12
The spectra are recorded on a scale known as the chemical shift (), which is how much the field is shifted from the field for TMS compared to the field for TMS.
= Field for TMS - Field measured x 106 Field for TMS
The is a measure in parts per million (ppm) of how far the magnetic field required for absorption is shifted away from that for TMS.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
chemical shift (ppm)
The depends on what other atoms/groups are near the H more electronegative groups gives a greater shift.
Data from AQA datasheet
For each of the following compounds, predict the number of signals and the relative intensity of the signals. a) but-1-ene d) 2-methylpropan-2-ol b) 1,2-dichloropropane e) pentane c) propanal f) ethyl methylpropanoate
A2 032
17-Jul-12
a) but-1-ene d) 2-methylpropan-2-ol b) 1,2-dichloropropane e) Pentane c) propanal f) ethyl methylpropanoate

OH
CH3
Cl CH 2
CH2
Cl CH
CH
CH2
CH 3
C CH3
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH2
CH3 O C
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH
CH2
A2 032
CH3
17-Jul-12
Number of signals Relative size a) Chemical shift b)

O CH3 CH2 C H
propanal ethyl methylpropanoate
CH3 CH3 CH
O C O CH2 CH3
Coupling / Splitting / Multiplicity
Number of Hs next door +1

n+1
0 H next door singlet (s) 1 H next door doublet (d)
O CH3 CH2 C CH3
2 H next door triplet (t)
3 H next door quartet (q) more H next door multiplet (m)

signal appearance
singlet
doublet
triplet
quartet
number of lines number of Hs next door relative size
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
1:1
1:2:1
1:3:3:1
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Br CH3 C Br
Br CH CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH O C O
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
A2 032 17-Jul-12
A2 032
17-Jul-12
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
A2 032
17-Jul-12
CH 3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
O CH3
O CH3 C CH2 CH2
O CH2 CH2
O C CH2 CH3
A2 032 17-Jul-12
CH3
CH3
CH2
OH
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Number of Hs next door +1

But you dont couple to Hs that are equivalent Hs on Os
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Number of signals how many different sets of equivalent H atoms there are information about chemical Position of signals environment of H atom Relative intensities Splitting gives ratio of H atoms for peaks how many H atoms on adjacent C atoms
A2 032
17-Jul-12
For each of the following compounds, predict the number of signals, the relative intensity of the signals, and the multiplicity of each signal. a) b) c) d) e) methylpropene propene 2-chloropropane propanone methylamine f) ethyl propanoate g) 1,2-dibromopropane h) dimethylethyl propanoate i) but-2-ene
A2 032
17-Jul-12
CH3 CH2 C CH3

CH3
O C
1 signal
CH3
2 signals: ratio 6 : 2 (3 :1) s s
CH2
CH
CH3
CH3
NH2
3 signals: ratio 2 : 1 : 3 d m d
2 signals: ratio 3 : 2 t q
Cl CH3 CH CH3
CH3 CH2
O C O CH2 CH3
2 signals: ratio 6 : 1 d m
4 signals: ratio 3 : 2 : 2 : 3 t q q t
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Br CH2
Br CH CH3
O CH3 CH2 C O
CH3 C CH3 CH3
3 signals: ratio 2 : 1 : 3 d m d
3 signals: ratio 3 : 2 : 9 t q s
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
2 signals: ratio 6 : 2 (3 :1) d q
A2 032
17-Jul-12
Number of signals Relative size Chemical shift Multiplicity

Cl CH2 Cl CH CH3
a) 1,2-dichloropropane b) but-1-ene
CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
A2 032
17-Jul-12
A2 032
17-Jul-12
13
C NMR spectra are often simpler than 1H NMR spectra.
They give a lot of valuable information about the chemical environment of C atoms (e.g. the difference between C atoms in C=O, C-N, C N, C-C, C=C, etc.). There is one signal for each set of equivalent C atoms. There is no coupling (unlike 1H NMR). The size of signal is not relative to the number of equivalent C atoms (unlike H atoms in 1H NMR). As in 1H NMR, the chemical shift (d) is measured relative to TMS. Although deuterated solvents are usually used, there will be a signal for any C atoms in the solvent.

Chemistry Hhaha

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chemistry Hhaha

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

www.chemsheets.co.

Applied magnetic field

Magnetic field in same direction as applied field

2 sets of equivalent Hs: ratio 6:2 (3:1)

4 sets of equivalent Hs: ratio 3:1:2:3

Br CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3 C OH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH3

2 signals: ratio 6:2 (3:1)

3 signals: ratio 2:1:3

2 signals: ratio 3:2

2 signals: ratio 6:1

4 signals: ratio 3:2:2:3

CH3 C CH3 CH3

3 signals: ratio 2:1:3

3 signals: ratio 3:2:9

2 signals: ratio 6:2 (3:1)

CH3 CH3 Si CH3 CH3

chemical shift (ppm)

Data from AQA datasheet

a) but-1-ene d) 2-methylpropan-2-ol b) 1,2-dichloropropane e) Pentane c) propanal f) ethyl methylpropanoate

Number of signals Relative size a) Chemical shift b)

propanal ethyl methylpropanoate

Coupling / Splitting / Multiplicity

Number of Hs next door +1

O CH3 CH2 C CH3

2 H next door triplet (t)

3 H next door quartet (q) more H next door multiplet (m)

number of lines number of Hs next door relative size

Number of Hs next door +1

CH3 CH2 C CH3

2 signals: ratio 6 : 2 (3 :1) s s

CH3 C CH3 CH3

2 signals: ratio 6 : 2 (3 :1) d q

Number of signals Relative size Chemical shift Multiplicity

C NMR spectra are often simpler than 1H NMR spectra.

Data from AQA datasheet

Data from AQA datasheet

Data from AQA datasheet

Вам также может понравиться