QoS in wireless systems

Preetam Patil Leena Chandran-Wadia

Contents

QoS in wired systems

technologies

- ATM, IP/MPLS mechanisms - scheduling, routing, admission control. architecture DiffServ

QoS in wireless
Wireless GPRS MANETS

ATM

Perspective
QoS in Wireless Systems 2

Case for QoS

QoS

is a means to convergence but a goal in itself from network point of view. Over provisioning of resources is not enough Different applications have different QoS requirements. Particularly important from the point of how TCP reacts to packet losses and delays.

QoS in Wireless Systems

QoS in Wired Networks

is QoS? - Better than best effort Associated metrics include
What
Guarantees

on bandwidth Bounds on delay (queuing, multiplexing) Bounds on delay variation (jitter) Bounds on loss probability Minimize cost
Ideally

we would like to have end-toend QoS and associated pricing

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QoS Mechanisms
support

for real-time flows in the n/w

marking

such flows - precedence (ToS) admission control assign to different queues priority scheduling buffer management constrained routing mechanisms for signaling - within n/w as well as between users and n/w
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Performance measures
QoS

services (depending on the level) generally involve putting all or at least a few of these mechanisms into place
Fairness

- access to excess capacity Isolation - protection from excess traffic from other users Efficiency - number of flows accommodated per service level complexity - implementation, control overhead
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IP QoS Approaches
Two

broad families:
service

Per-flow

Integrated

Services and RSVP Since per-flow information needs to be maintained, too complex and not scalable
Aggregated

service

Differentiated

services Only class-based information required, hence more scalable, and easier to implement

QoS in Wireless Systems

Differentiated Services(DiffServ)

Goals and motivations

Data path scalability

Coarse granularity service classes (no per-flow state) Minimum impact on packet forwarding performance Realizable through simple mechanisms

QoS in Wireless Systems

DiffServ - continued

Rapid deployment

Standardize service codepoints in IP header and associated expected local behaviour (Per Hop Behaviour - PHB) Wide range of possible implementations Avoid chicken and egg problem of signalling deployment and application/user support

QoS in Wireless Systems

How it works

IP TOS field in IPV4 or Traffic Class field in IPV6 used to mark packets Pre-configured set of service classes (behaviours) Expedited Forwarding (local behaviour only) Virtual leased line type of service Assured Forwarding (local behaviour only) Several service classes with drop precedence within each class
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DiffServ Components
Edge

functions Flow classification and packet marking Traffic conditioning Core functions Enforcement of Per Hop Behaviours Boundary functions Conformance enforcement

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DiffServ Components continued

Components
Classifiers

Select packets and assigns DS code point

Traffic

conditioners

Enforces rate limitations

Per

Hop Behaviours

Differentiated packet treatments

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Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

An

attempt to exploit benefits of ATM label-switching and flexibility of IP routing. Has roots in IP tag-switching. MPLS works between L2 and L3. Designed to work over different link-layer technologies- Ethernet, Frame-relay, etc. Different network protocols supported.

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MPLS Features
Packets

are forwarded based on a 20-bit fixed-length label in packet-header instead of destination IP address A path (LSP - Label Switched path) is first established using a signalling protocol
Label

Distribution Protocol extensions to RSVP

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MPLS Architecture

QoS in Wireless Systems

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MPLS Architecture- contd..

LSR-

routers supporting MPLS are called Label Switching Routers Ingress LSR - LSR where packets in a flow enter the MPLS domain Egress LSR - LSR where packets in a flow leave the MPLS domain FEC - packets to be forwarded in same manner are assigned to same Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
QoS in Wireless Systems 16

QoS and Traffic Engineering in MPLS

MPLS and DiffServ similar in the way packets are looked up and classified at the Ingress LSPs can be set up for Different Service classes, or bits in MPLS header can be used to mark flows for QoS LSPs can be explicitly set up based on QoS and Traffic-Engg objectives (CR-LSPs) Many extensions to MPLS for QoS and TE proposed

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ATM Reference Model

Complete protocol stack, alternative to TCP/IP - fully QoS capable!! 4 layer (upper, adaptation, ATM and physical), 3 dimensional model Different from both OSI and TCP/IP User Plane (data transport, flow, error control) and Control Plane (connection management) Plane and Layer Management (RM and interlayer coordination)

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Service Differentiation
Two

major components

Data

path: identifies packets eligible for services and enforces them

Packet

classifiers scheduling and Buffer management

Control

path: determines if and how guarantees can be provided

signaling

admission

control QoS routing

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ATM - Connection Oriented Cell Switching

Call

setup: synchronization before data transfer

input conn Id output conn Id 3 Switch S1 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 Switch S2 2 1 Switch S3 2 4 input conn Id output conn Id 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 Switch S4
Host C

input 1 conn Id 2 output 2 conn Id 1 2

Host A

Host B
20

QoS in Wireless Systems

ATM Logical Connections

Transmission Path Virtual Path

QoS in Wireless Systems

Virtual Channels

21

ATM Connection Terminology

Virtual

Channel Connection (VCC), also called VC identified by one VPI/VCI at an interface

Virtual

Channel Link Virtual Channel Identifier

no

global identifier Two types

Switched

- SVCs (need connection setup) Permanent - PVCs (service provider)

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More Connection Terminology

Virtual

Path Connection, also called

VP identified by one VPI at one interface

Virtual

Path Link Virtual Path Identifier

no

global identifier Virtual paths make it possible for CPN to have closed user groups, with a network of VPs
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ATM Cells - NNI

VPI VPI VCI VCI HEC PT CLP PT VPI VCI

Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier Payload Type Cell Loss Priority Header Error Control Payload

48 bytes

HEC

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Service Categories
CBR
rt

- Constant Bit Rate (T1/E1 circuit) VBR - Variable Bit Rate

VBR - real-time Video conferencing nrt VBR - multimedia E-mail
ABR

- Available Bit Rate (Browsing the

web) UBR - Unspecified Bit rate (Background file transfer). Useful for sending IP packets
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ATM Perspective
Standardization

took too much time no native ATM applications were written meanwhile, runaway success of the Web and of MBone meant that killer applications were all running IP this meant LANs would remain Ethernet and WANs would run IP over ATM But... ATM Hardware is selling as much as IP switches and routers today!!
QoS in Wireless Systems 26

Wireless ATM
User

(data) plane largely unchanged Control plane

MATM

adapter (handsets): UNI + Mobility WATM & AP: support control of Radio Access (signal strength etc.) Switches: Signaling to support mobility
QoS
Wireless

QoS: reservation adds to delay Handover QoS: blocking, re-negotiation

QoS in Wireless Systems 27

QoS in Wireless Networks

Whats different in Wireless ?

A

premium on efficiency (due to limitations in spectrum resource) Low reliability in the worst case Traffic limited by interference

Similar to congestion, but more easily controllable

Cost

of one stream related not only to rate parameters, but also to reliability(energy per bit) and acceptable delay Best error- control coding techniques are at the physical and media- access layers
QoS in Wireless Systems 28

Wireless Systems GPRS

Varying

Conditions of Radio interface QoS profile consists of parameters like

precedence: delay:

includes radio access delay (uplink) or radio scheduling delay (downlink), radio transit delay, GPRS-network transit delay reliability: error rates much higher throughput: specified by maximum bit rate and mean bit rate
QoS in Wireless Systems 29

GPRS (1)
Each

GPRS subscription will be associated with one QoS profile (HLR) SGSN will negotiate QoS for the flow
Based

on subscribed default in HLR The requested profile from the MN Current availability of GPRS resources
SGSN

must distribute resources fairly among flows, it may renegotiate QoS if necessary
QoS in Wireless Systems 30

QoS in Wireless Systems

31

GPRS (2) QoS Classes

Four

traffic classes
interactive,

Conversational,streaming,

background (1) Conversational, streaming: for carrying real-time flows

difference

is the extent of delay sensitivity Forward error correction

(2)

interactive, background: for traditional internet traffic

interactive

class has higher response better error recovery using retransmissions

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QoS Profile Parameters

Eight other parameters are used for defining the specific QoS-profile
MAX

bit rate, Guaranteed bit rate Delivery order, Reliability PDU size information, Transfer delay Traffic handling priority, Allocation priority

Values will depend on main traffic class More complex, but will reflect different applications better Applications must signal QoS requirements

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Conversational Class
Assumed

to be relatively non-bursty Real time, low delay - Voice Characterized by

maximum

bit rate guaranteed bit rate guaranteed transfer delay

rest

optional, but usually specified lower classes specify fewer parameters

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Re-negotiation of QoS
MN,

BSS & SGSN have the capability to trigger a modification of the QoS profile associated with an ongoing data flow
due

to congestion or shortage of radio resources in order to map QoS parameters of the packet data network into the GPRS network

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Traffic Flow Templates

Assign different QoS-profiles to different applications Signaling done using RSVP API

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QoS in MANets
Availability

of link state information and its management is difficult QoS of wireless link is apt to change in dynamic environment
mobility

of hosts resource limitations (time varying)

DiffServ
what

a possible solution

are the boundary routers? concept of SLA does not exist

QoS in Wireless Systems 37

QoS in MAC protocols

MAC

protocol design goals

solve

medium contention deal with hidden/exposed terminal problem improve throughput

QoS

MACs must provide resource reservation and QoS guarantees to realtime traffic
LANs Black burst contention etc Manets MACA/PR
Wireless
QoS in Wireless Systems 38

MACA/PR

Multiple Access Collision Avoidance with Piggyback Reservations

Rapid

and reliable transmission to non-real time datagrams Guaranteed b/w support to real-time traffic

NRT traffic waits for free window in reservation table plus additional random time equivalent to single hop round-trip delay proceed with RTS-CTS-PKT-ACK dialogue Reservation table records all reserved send and receive windows of all stations in range

QoS in Wireless Systems 39

MACA/PR - RT
To send first data packet of a RT connection, sender initiates RTS-CTS and then proceeds with PKT-ACK For subsequent data packets only PKT-ACK is needed If sender fails to receive several ACKs then restarts RTS-CTS dialogue MACA/PR does not retransmit after collisions To reserve b/w for real-time traffic, RT scheduling information is carried in headers of PKTS and ACKs

QoS in Wireless Systems 40

MACA/PR -RT
Sender piggybacks reservation information for its next data packet transmission on the current data PKT Receiver inserts reservation in its Reservation table and confirms it with the ACK to the sender Neighbors of receiver R will defer their transmission on receiving the ACK ACK also tells them next scheduled receiving time of R, so they can avoid transmission

QoS in Wireless Systems 41

MACA/PR -RT
Real-time

packets are protected from hidden hosts by the propagation of reservation tables among neighbors, not by RTS-CTS dialogues Thus, through piggybacked reservation of information and the maintenance of reservation tables, bandwidth is reserved and guaranteed for real-time traffic
QoS in Wireless Systems 42

Perspective
Essentially,

concept of QoS must be accepted and supported by every element in the value chain
Infrastructure

and terminal developers Mobile network operators Application developers End users

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